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ABANDONMENT
CALL - See Separation Call. A00301. |
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ABDUCTION
- Movement away from the median plane. A00303. |
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ABERRANT
BEHAVIOR - See Abnormal Behavior. A00304. |
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ABERRATION
- Deviation from that which is typical, regular, common, or standard.
A00305. |
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ABIENT
- Avoiding or moving away from the source of stimulation. Antonym
adient. A00306.
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ABILITY
- Competence of an organism to perform a given task. Also see specific
ability - MOTHERING. A00307. |
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ABNORMAL
- Deviating from a norm. The term has many applications, the most
objective being a statistical interpretation focusing on qualitative or
quantitative deviations from expected frequencies, means, or intervals.
A00309. |
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ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR - Behavior that deviates in form, frequency, or sequence from a
defined, comparable standard. Such a standard may be a behavioral
inventory typical for a given genotype, age group, sex, nutritional level,
housing condition, or management system, etc. A00310. |
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ABORAL
- The region of the body considered opposite to the mouth, or in a
direction of movement away from the mouth (e.g., along the digestive
tract). A00311. |
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ACCEPTANCE,
SOCIAL - See Social Acceptance A00317. |
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ACCIDENTAL
REINFORCEMENT - See Incidental Reinforcement. A00320. |
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ADVENTITIOUS
REWARD - A reward that is unplanned by the experimenter, or not under the
experimenter's control, but that influences the behavior of he test
organism. A00601. |
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ADVERTISEMENT
- Any form of communication displayed to attract conspecifics (typically
potential sexual partners) or to distract, warn, or threaten potential
rivals or adversaries. A00602. |
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AEROPHAGIA
- The swallowing of air. Excessive aerophagia, commonly occurring during
habitual cribbing in horses, can lead to serious digestive problems and is
considered a dangerous vice. A00603. |
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AFFECTION
- Behavior that indicates positive feelings toward other organisms of the
same or different species. A00604. |
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AFTERBIRTH
- The placenta and placental membranes expelled from the uterus following
parturition. A00609. |
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AGGREGATION
- Clustering of organisms independently attracted to some environmental
resource (e.g., feed, water, temperature, etc.) Aggregation is
distinguished from grouping induced by social factors. Compare Flocking,
Herding A00616. |
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AGGRESSION
- Any purposive action of an organism toward another organism with the
actual or potential result of harming, limiting, or depriving it. In
special cases, a nonliving object or the instigator itself may be the
focus of the aggressive action. Also see specific aggressions --
DEFENSIVE; DOMINANCE; OFFENSIVE; REINFORCED; SEXUAL; TERRITORIAL. A00617. |
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AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR - See Aggression. A00618. |
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AGITATION
- Relatively strong emotionality, nervousness, or restlessness. A00702. |
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AGNOSIA
- Inability to perceive; generally used in reference to specific sensory
modalities, such as auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, or visual
agnosia. A00704. |
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AGONISTIC
- Refers to any activity performed in the context of an aggressive
interaction. It encompasses the actions of both the instigator and the
victim. A00706. |
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AGONISTIC
BEHAVIOR - Any behavior indicative of social conflict such as; threat,
attack, and fight; or escape, avoidance, appeasement, and subordination.
A00707. |
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AGONY
- A state of extreme suffering and distress often associated with moribund
behavior. A00708. |
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AHEMERAL
CYCLE - A light-dark cycle other than 24 hours in length. A00712. |
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AIR
PECKING (poultry) - Pecking movements toward no obvious target. A00715. |
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ALARM
CALL - A vocal alarm signal. A00717. |
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ALARM
SIGNAL - A signal emitted by an organism to alert other individuals in the
vicinity of the presence of danger. The signal has a high arousal
potential for conspecifics, and often for other animals as well. A00719. |
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ALARM
RESPONSE - Any behavioral response indicative of fear or awareness of
danger. A00720. mpg
video 1,081 |
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ALERT
- The state characterized by high attentiveness and responsiveness to
stimuli Compare: Consciousness, Awareness. A00721. |
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ALLELOMIMETIC
BEHAVIOR - Behavioral activities that have strong components of social
facilitation, imitation, and group coordination. Synonym: Allomimetic
Behavior. A00805. |
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ALLIANCE
(horse) - A form of cooperation between stallions in a multi-male bands of
feral horses. One stallion may confront an approaching male from another
band, while the other stays with his group. On the next such confrontation
the roles of the two stallions might change. A00806. |
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ALLOCHTHONOUS
BEHAVIOR - A term arising out of the concept of action-specific energy.
Allochthonous behavior is that which is driven by energy that has sparked
over from some other drive due to thwarting of the expression of behavior
specific to the latter drive. In this conceptual system, displacement
activities could be considered allochthonous behaviors. Compare:
Autochthonous Behavior. A00807. |
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ALLOGROOMING
- See Grooming. A00808. |
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ALLOLICKING
- See Licking. A00810. |
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ALLOMIMETIC
BEHAVIOR - See Allelomimetic Behavior. A00811. |
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ALL-OR-NONE
RESPONSE - A response that is either elicited or not and, if elicited,
shows no grading. A00817. |
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ALPHA
ANIMAL - The animal that ranks highest socially in its group (Animals in
an established linear social hierarchy are often designated with letters
of the Greek alphabet according to their rank.) Compare Omega Animal.
A00820. |
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ALTRUISTIC
BEHAVIOR - Behavior by which an organism manifests altruism. A00904. |
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ALTRUISM
- A phenomenon in which one organism does something to the benefit of
another organism(s), usually at some cost to itself. In the context of
human conduct altruistic moral philosophy asserts that morality cannot be
based exclusively on satisfaction of self-interest. A00903. |
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AMATORY
BEHAVIOR - A term occasionally used to refer to activities indicative of
the development and maintenance of attachment between animals. Behavioral
signs include allogrooming, muzzling, licking, and social play. A00905. |
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AMBIVALENT
POSTURE - A form of compromise behavior in which an animal adopts a
posture having separate elements suggestive of the influence of different
motivations. A00909. |
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AMBLE
(horse) - A variation of the pace gait that is distinguished by a slight
hesitation between the placing of the hooves of the front and rear legs on
the same side of the horse. The amble is a slower gait than is the pace,
but it is easier for the rider. A00910. |
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AMBULATION
- Walking. A00912. |
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AMBLYOPIA
- Reduced clarity of vision. A00911. |
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ANADIPSIA
- Intense thirst A00913. |
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ANALOGOUS
BEHAVIOR - Behavior manifested by different species that is similar in
function but does not originate from common ancestry. Compare: Homologous
Behavior. A00917. |
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ANAL
REFLEX - Spasmodic contraction of the anus in response to tactile
stimulation. A01002. |
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ANAPHIA
- Lack of sense of touch. A01004. |
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ANESTRUS
- A relatively long period of sexual inactivity in females of reproductive
age, generally occurring in response to seasonal change. Compare: Seasonal
Breeding. A01009. |
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ANNOUNCING
(chicken) - A vocalization emitted frequently after oviposition. Synonym:
Cackling. A01107. |
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ANNOYER
- An unpleasant stimulus. A01108. |
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ANOMALOUS
BEHAVIOR - See Abnormal Behavior. A01109. |
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ANOREXIA
- Chronic inappetance or reduced appetite for food. A01109. |
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ANTE
PARTUM - Before parturition, or more specifically, before onset of labor.
A01110. |
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ANTERIOR
- Situated in front of, or in the direction of, the head of the body,
A01106. |
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ANTERIOR
PRESENTATION - Fetal presentation in which the forelegs and nose jointly
enter the birth canal. There are also two variations of anterior
presentation partially anterior presentation and cranial presentation.
A01117. |
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ANTICIPATORY
REACTION - A response to a stimulus before its actual occurrence. A01120. |
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ANTIPREDATOR
BEHAVIOR - Any action having the purpose of reducing attacks by predators
or diminishing their harm to an individual or group. Antipredator behavior
includes cryptic behavior, vigilance, avoidance or escape, grouping,
temporary group dispersion, defensive formation, selection of protective
nest site, distraction of the predator from the nest site or offspring,
threat display, discharge of noxious substances, and attack. A01201. |
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ANURIA
- Absence of or complete retention of urine. Compare: Oliguria. A01202. |
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APATHY
- Listless and indifferent behavior; commonly a reaction to persistent and
insurmountable frustration. A01204. |
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APHAGIA
- Refusal to eat. A01206. |
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APHRODISIA
- Exaggerated sexual desire or unusually frequent display of sexual
behavior A01207. |
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APNEA
- Lack of respiration. An apneic period occurs in newborns prior to
initiation of regular pulmonary activity (neonatal apnea). Apnea also
occurs as a consequence of neural malfunction (sleep apnea), or intense
traumatic experience (traumatic apnea). A01208. |
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APOPATHETIC
BEHAVIOR - Behavior influenced by the presence of conspecifics, but not
directed toward them. A01210. |
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APOSEMATIC
- Conspicuous display of colored structures that increase the effect of
threat and benefit self-defense capacity of animals. A01212. |
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APOSIA
- Refusal to drink A01213. |
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APOSITIA
- Aversion to food. A01214. |
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APPARENT
MOVEMENT - Subjective and illusionary visual perception of movement in the
absence of real movement. Apparent movement can he generated by rapid
succession of motionless stimuli that mimic the changes that occur in true
movement. A01216. |
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APPEASEMENT
- Conciliation directed toward an aggressor or potential aggressor.
A01217. |
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APPEASEMENT
SIGNAL - Any behavioral display indicative of conciliatory intent.
Appeasement signals often are manifested toward threatening conspecifics
when escape is either difficult or impossible. A01218. |
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APPERCEPTION
- The process of conscious perception of events and full awareness
including self awareness. A01219. |
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APPETITE
- Desire for some commodity that can be neutralized by specific
consummatory responses. The term generally is used in reference to
recurrent desires related to physiological processes. Also see specific
appetites - DIMINISHED; PERVERTED; REDUCED; RETURNED; VARIABLE. A01301. |
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APPETITIVE
BEHAVIOR - Behavior manifested during the initial phase of an operant
behavioral cycle indicative of desire to attain a certain goal (e.g.,
searching for food, pressing bar, broadcasting attraction signals, etc.).
A01302. |
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APPREHENSIVE
BEHAVIOR - Any behavior indicative of an organism' s anticipation of some
adverse experience. The most common indicators include high level of
alertness, intense sensory focusing on fear-causing stimulus(i), lowered
"Flight or Fight" thresholds, defensive posture, and threat
display. A01305. |
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ARCHED
NECK (horse) - Distinct flexion of the neck displayed during agnostic
encounters between males and during courtship when a male is approaching a
female. A01311. |
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ARREST
- Sudden cessation. This term is used frequently in reference to the
activities or the function of specific organs (e.g., maturation arrest,
cardiac arrest). A01316. |
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ARTIFICIAL
BREEDING - Breeding which artificially replaces or by-passes one or more
steps of natural breeding. A01319. |
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ASEXUALITY
- Long lasting or permanent absence of sexual excitability and sexual
activity. A01402. |
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ASYMMETRIC
GAIT - A gait in which the action of one or more legs is not synchronized
with that of another leg. Also see specific gaits -CANTER; COUNTER CANTER;
DISUNITED CANTER; GALLOP. A01411. |
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ASYMMETRY
- In a biological context, any incomplete identity between two sides of
the body; or differences in levels of activity between pairs of organs
located on either side of the body. A01412. |
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ATTACK
- A violent, generally sudden, punishing action by one animal toward
another. A01504. |
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ATTENTION
- Adjustment of sense organs and central nervous system to allow for
maximal perception of a particular stimulus. Also see specific
attention-selective. A01505. |
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ATTITUDE
- The characteristic manner in which an organism tends to react toward
another organism. This term also is used to denote body posture or
position, particularly in reference to specific situations, (e.g.,
defensive attitude, forced attitude, stereotyped attitude). A01506. |
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ATTRACTION
- The phenomenon of being stimulated to focus attention on, and in some
cases to approach, some object, organism, or action because of its
inherent characteristics. Antonym: Repulsion. A01508. |
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ATTRACTION
SIGNAL - Any vocal, visual, olfactory, or other sign, or combination of
such signs, broadcast by an organism to attract other organisms into its
spatial proximity. A01509. |
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AUDIBILITY
RANGE - The range between the lowest and highest frequency of sound
perceivable to an individual, group, or species A01512. |
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AURICLE
- The portion of the external car that surrounds the meatus and extends
out from the side of the head. The structure of the auricle is specialized
to channel sound waves into the meatus. A01601. |
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AURICLE
REFLEX - Movement of the ears in response to auditory stimuli. A01602. |
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AUTOCHTHONOUS
BEHAVIOR - A term arising out of the concept of action-specific energy.
AUTOCHTHONOUS behavior is that which is driven by its own action-specific
energy. In this conceptual system vacuum activities could be considered
autochthonous behaviors. Compare: Allochthonous Behavior. A01604. |
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AVERSION
- A strong or fixed dislike. Also see specific aversions-SIGNAL; TASTE.
A01612. |
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AVERSIVE
STIMULUS - A noxious stimulus that an organism tends to remove or avoid.
A01614. |
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AVOIDANCE
- Prevention or neutralization of aversive stimulation by means of
nonapproach, escape, appeasement or subordination, or appropriate operant
response. A01616. |
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AWAKE
- A state of full consciousness and readiness to perform voluntary
activities. Antonym: Sleep. A01701. |
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BALANCE
- Maintenance of an upright posture through appropriate adjustment of
muscle tonus. In a more general sense, the term is used to define a state
of equilibrium or homeostasis (e.g., nutritional balance, thermal
balance). B01711. |
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BALKING
- The refusal of an animal to move from a spot or the disobedience of
directive commands from the rider or handler. B01713. |
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BALLOTADE
(horse) - A dressage exercise of the Spanish High Riding School similar to
the Croupade except that the hind legs instead of being drawn up below the
body are extended backward exposing the hoofs before the horse lands on
all four feet simultaneously on the same spot from which it leaped.
B01714. |
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BAR
BITING - Stereotyped biting, gnawing, or sliding of the mouth on
accessible parts (usually metal bars) of an enclosure. This type of
behavior occurs relatively often in swine housed in close confinement,
particularly farrowing or gestation crates, or on concrete floors without
bedding material and with a concentrated diet. Bar biting is considered to
be an indicator of boredom, but since its occurrence is increased prior to
farrowing, it also may be a component of vacuum nest building or a
displacement activity linked to predelivery discomfort. Also see Cribbing.
B01802. |
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BAND
(horse) - A natural group of horses consisting generally of a stallion,
several mares, and several sexually immature individuals of various ages.
B01801. |
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BARED
TEETH (horse) - Contraction of lips displaying incisor teeth. Bared teeth
is a threat signal and is an integral part of aggressive biting. B01803. |
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BARK
(swine) - A short (0.05 - 0.2 sec), sharp vocalization produced with an
open mouth as a single sound or a short series of repeated sounds by a
surprised pig. The amplitude of a bark is highest at the beginning of the
sound and falls sharply thereafter. The pitch is usually between 2 and 3
kHz. Barks appear to be both threat and alarm calls, having a high arousal
effect on other pigs, particularly preweaned young. Other animals react to
barking with quick orientation, followed by a brief period of immobility
and silence. B01805. |
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BARKER
SYNDROME (swine) - A rare respiratory disease of pigs. Behavioral symptoms
are difficult breathing, repeated barking sounds, and uncoordinated
locomotion. B01806. |
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BARREN
ENVIRONMENT - An environment of very low complexity. B01811. |
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BARROW
- A young castrated male pig. B01813. |
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BATTERY
CAGE - One in a series of identical or similar cages for housing of
animals, all equipped with waterers and feeders. Battery cages usually are
stacked in several horizontal tiers and most commonly are used for housing
of laying hens. The number of hens housed in each cage depends on its
size, but generally varies between 3 and 10 birds. B01817. |
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BAWL
(cattle) - A loud vocalization made when cattle are apparently distressed
or disturbed. B01901. |
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BEAK
TRIMMING (poultry) - Removal of the distal portion of the beak to curtail
injuries due to pecking among birds housed in groups. Since the beak is
innervated, the ethical validity of beak trimming has been questioned.
B01903. |
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