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ELIMINATIVE BEHAVIOR - Behavior involved in the expulsion of feces or urine from the body or dwelling place. E05919. |
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EMBRYONIC BEHAVIOR - See Prenatal Behavior. E05922. |
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EMESIS - An act of vomiting E06004. |
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EMOTION - A state of arousal, referred to as fear, anger, pleasure, joy, etc., associated with specific cognitive processes and characterized by specific behavioral and physiological symptoms E06008. |
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EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR - Any behavior that expresses a strong emotion. An animal may become incoherent in its ability to cope with the situation if it experiences a strong emotion. E06009. |
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ENURESIS - Involuntary urination during extreme emotional experiences or during sleep E06111. |
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ENVIRONMENT - The total sum of nongenetic factors which interact with the genotype of an organism. Also see specific environment - BARREN; EXTERNAL; INTERNAL. E06112. |
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ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITY - The diversity and intensity of environmental stimuli relevant to a given organism, age group, species, etc. Environmental complexity may range from very low to very high, and thus be characterized as insufficient, adequate, or excessive. E06113. |
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ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITY DEPENDENCE - A phenomenon in which the expression of a behavior is affected by environmental complexity, e.g., manifestation of stereotypy, response to novel stimuli E06114. |
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT - The process or factor which increases the complexity of the environment. E06115. |
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EPIMELETIC BEHAVIOR - Behavioral activities associated with the provision of attention, care, or help to other individuals. Synonym Care-giving Behavior. E06203. |
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EPIPHORA - An overflow of tears down the cheek, often due to blockage of the tear ducts that normally direct the flow of tears from the eye down into the nasal cavity. E06207. |
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EQUILIBRIUM - A state of balance in which opposing forces or tendencies counteract each other. E06214. |
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ERECTION - A process or state of becoming rigid or elevated. This term commonly refers to swelling of erectile tissues such as the clitoris, nipples, and penis. E06303. |
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ESCAPE - Speedy departure from a place of aversive or potentially aversive stimulation E06312. |
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ESTROUS BEHAVIOR - See Estrus. E06316. |
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ESTROUS PERIOD - The part of the estrous cycle during which sexual behavior is manifested. E06402. |
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ESTRUS - A temporary state of sexual receptivity in female mammals occurring in coordination with ovulation. Behavioral signs of estrus, which may vary between species, typically include increased motor activity, higher excitability, reduction in feeding time, more frequent urination, presenting toward males or sexually cooperative females, tolerance of bodily contacts, and mounting. The most reliable sign of estrus is standing when mounted. The usual duration of estrus is 2 - 7 days in mares, 8 - 18 hours in cows, 1 - 2 days in ewes, and 1 - 3 days in sows. Also see specific estrus - FALSE; PSYCHOLOGICAL; QUIET; SILENT; SPILT; STANDING; TRUE E06404. |
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ET-EPIMELETIC BEHAVIOR - A variety of behavioral activities manifested to solicit attention, care, or help from other individuals. Synonym: Care-soliciting Behavior. E06406. |
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ETHOGRAM - A record of behavioral activities. E06410. |
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EXCITEMENT - A behavioral state characterized by an elevated level of arousal. Signs of excitement vary among species and different age groups and may include sensory focusing (orienting response), alteration of body posture, immobility, increased respiratory rate and heart beat, approach toward or retreat from the cause of excitement, emission or suppression of vocal signals and, in some circumstances, threat, attack or display of frustration. E06511. |
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EXCRETA - Residue of digestive and metabolic processes excreted from the body. E06513. |
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EXERCISE - Activity, often repetitive, that provides a psychophysiological challenge to an animal and promotes its maintenance and development. The activity may be rewarding to the animal in itself. E06515. |
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EXHALATION - Expiration of air together with airborne substances. Antonym: Inhalation. E06601. |
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EXHAUSTION - A state of extreme fatigue. E06602. |
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EXOGENOUS STIMULATION - Stimulation arising from events occurring outside an organism's body. E06605. |
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EXPIRATION - A segment of the respiration cycle characterized by contraction of the chest and lungs causing expulsion of air. E06613. |
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EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR - Behavior characteristically manifested during exposure to novel environments. The activities involved are usually increased overall alertness, sensory focusing, and locomotion accompanied by investigation. E06701. |
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EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENT - See Expression. E06703. |
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EXPRESSION - An observable sign(s) indicative of some ongoing internal process. E06702. |
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EXTENDING, NECK - See Neck Extending. E06705. |
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EXTENSION - In a behavioral sense, straightening movement of an organism (or limb of an organism) which increases the angle between two segments of a joint. Antonym: Flexion. E06706. |
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EXTENSION (horse) - Exaggerated forward movement of the legs in horse gaits. E06707. |
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EXTERIOR - Situated on the outside, or toward the outside. E06711. |
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EXTINCTION - Suppression of a conditioned response by dissociation of reinforcement with the response, replacement of positive reinforcement with negative reinforcement (or vice versa) or establishment of an alternate conditioning regime in the same stimulus context. E06717. |
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EXTRINSIC BEHAVIOR - Behavior which does not have a specific response mechanism and can be performed in various ways. E06801. |
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EYE - A sensory organ specialized to receive and process light waves and transmit visual signals to the brain. The principal receptors are rods for scotopic vision and cones for photopic vision. E06803. |
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FACILITATION - A process or action by which something is made easier or more convenient. F06806. |
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FAINTING - A temporary loss of consciousness. Fainting can occasionally occur in young stallions during initial copulatory experiences. F06810. |
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FARROWING (swine) - The process of parturition F06815. |
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FARROWING CRATE - See Crate. F06901. |
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FARROWING HYSTERIA - Parturient psychosis in swine. F06902. |
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FATIGUE - The condition of being very tired and having reduced ability as a result of exertion or lack of rest. Also see specific fatigue, AGE LAYER MUSCLE. F06905. |
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FEAR - An emotion caused by perception of danger. Behavioral symptoms of fear may include temporary immobility, hiding, escape, attack, urination, defecation, increased heart rate, etc. Also see specific fear - CONDITIONED. F06908. |
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FEATHER PECKING (poultry) - Any pecking of the plumage, regardless of whether it is conducted by the bird itself or by another bird(s). Excessive feather pecking can cause structural damage to the plumage, and may be an indication of frustration or inadequacy of flock management. F06909. |
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FEEDING - Delivery of feed to animals. Also see specific feeding - CONTROLLED; FORCED; INTRAVENOUS; LIMITED; RESTRICTED. F06915. |
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FEIGNING BEHAVIOR - Behavior performed in an attempt to deceive (e.g., feigning of injury by a bird to distract a predator from its nest), F06917. |
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FEMALE TENDING - See Guarding. F06921. |
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FEMINIZATION - Acquisition of female behavioral or body conformational characteristics by a male. F07001. |
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FETICIDE - Killing of fetuses; induced abortion. Male harassment of pregnant females that have been inseminated by other males, apparently to cause abortion (natural feticide) and thus reduce the genetic fitness of rival sires, has been observed. Natural feticide has been suggested to occur fairly commonly in wild or feral horses. F07009. |
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FETLOCK - The area around the joint between the metatarsal hone and the first phalanx. F07010. |
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FIGHT - An aggressive social interaction involving interchange of forceful or potentially harmful actions, generally through some means of physical contact. Habitual fighting is considered to be a dangerous vice. F07015. |
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FIGHTING STANCE (chicken) - A postural display indicative of readiness to attack and characterized by lowered head, extended neck, raised hackles, slightly spread wings in trailing position, and body positioned for a leap. F07016. |
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FIGURE EIGHT (horse) - A dressage maneuver in which the horse follows two joint voltes or two circles, changing the direction of the circular path at the point where the voltes or circles join. F07017. |
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FILIAL - Pertaining to offspring or to the generation of offspring as a whole. F07018. |
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FILIAL BEHAVIOR - Behavior characteristic of the relationship of offspring to parents, particularly behavior that induces parental assistance and cooperation, or requires parental leadership or parental training of offspring. F07019. |
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FILLY (horse) - A young female horse. F07102. |
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FIVE-GAITED - A horse trained to execute five gaits (walk, trot, canter, slow gait, and rack) mainly for showing. In the American Saddlebred horse, five-gaited horses can be distinguished from three-gaited horses by their flowing manes. Compare: Three-gaited. F07110. |
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FIXED ACTION PATTERN - Any action pattern typical of a given species or breed that is performed in a very similar way by its individual members. In contemporary ethology, the term fixed action pattern often is replaced by modal action pattern because of inevitable individual variations in behavior. F07112. |
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FLAPPING, EAR - See Ear Flapping. F07201. |
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FLEECE PULLING (sheep) - An abnormal form of ingestive behavior manifested as pulling, tearing, and swallowing of the fleece of peers. F07205. |
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FLEHMEN - See Lip-curling. F07206. |
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FLEXION - Bending movement of an organism (or limb of an organism) that reduces the angle between the segments of a joint. Antonym : Extension. F07208. |
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FLICKING, EAR - See Ear Flicking. F07211. |
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FLIGHT DISTANCE - The critical distance at which an organism will make an escape response upon the approach of another organism or object. F07213. |
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FLIGHT REACTION - Swift escape when an object perceived to be dangerous emerges within the limit of critical distance to the reacting organism. F07214. |
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FLIP-OVER (chicken) - Sudden death syndrome in broilers apparently caused by heart failure. It occurs usually after the third week of life and most often affects fast growing individuals. Dead birds typically are found lying on their backs. (colloquial term) F07215. |
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FLOCK - A socially coordinated group of birds or sheep. F07216. |
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FLOCKING - The formation and maintenance of socially coordinated groups in birds and sheep. Compare: Aggregation. F07217. |
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FLYING - Locomotion of an airborn organism in which lift and thrust derive from the action of wings. F07221. |
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FOALING (horse) - Natural parturition in horses. F07301. |
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FOCAL ANIMAL - An animal that is chosen as the subject of behavioral observation while it remains in its group. The behavior of group members other than the focal animal is not recorded F07302. |
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FOLLOWERSHIP - A tendency by group members to accept control of their actions and direction of their behavior by others. F07304. |
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FOLLOWING RESPONSE - A response of an organism to the movement of another organism or object whereby the former travels at some relatively proximate distance behind the latter. F07305. |
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FOOD CALLING (chicken) - See Tidbitting. F07307. |
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FOOD-RUNNING (poultry) - Distinctive rapid locomotion most frequently displayed by young birds in the presence of their peers after grasping worms or worm-shaped objects with their beaks. A bird running with such an object in its beak is followed by peers who attempt to steal the object. F07308. |
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FOOD SELECTION - Preferential (and often species-specific) consumption of certain foods. Animals can be subdivided into herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores, according to the type of food consumed, and into specialists and generalists, according to the range of food consumed. F07309. |
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FOOTROT - A disease occurring most often in sheep, hut also in cattle and pigs. Behavioral symptoms are progressive lameness and swelling above the coronet followed by an odorous discharge from the affected areas. F07311. |
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FORAGING BEHAVIOR - Behavior involving search for and intake of food. F07314. |
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FORCED COPULATION - Copulation after an unsuccessful attempt by a female to avoid mounting and intromission. In feral horses a stallion performing a forced copulation is occasionally aided by female members of his harem who actively prevent the avoidance or escape of the target female. F07315. |
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FORCED FEEDING - Any artificially induced delivery of feed into an organism's digestive tract. F07316. |
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FORGING (horse) - Defective leg action when the hoof of the hindleg hits the foreleg on the same side of the body. F07402. |
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FOSTERING - Promotion of growth and development In a behavioral sense, the term refers to epimeletic behavior toward alien young, enabling their survival. F07407. |
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FOUNDER - To go lame or become unable to walk due to some physical disorder, such as laminitis. (colloquial term). F07408. |
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FOWL - Poultry and related wild species of birds. F07410. |
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FOX HUNTING (horse) - A popular cross-country horseback recreational activity. F07413. |
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FOX-TROT (horse) - A medium speed (8 - 11 km((hr)) four-beat gait comfortable for the rider. The diagonal legs are raised at the same time, but the forehoof contacts the ground before the hindhoof. F07414. |
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FREE-CHOICE - A type of feeding in which an animal is free to choose among two or more alternatives. F07419. |
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FREE GOING (horse) - A horse that performs a gait in an easy and seemingly effortless manner. F07502. |
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FREE-LEGGED PACER (horse) - See Natural Pacer. F07503. |
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FREE STALL - A stall within a housing unit which animals can enter and exit freely. Free stalls are commonly part of loose housing systems for dairy cows. F07507. |
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FREEZING BEHAVIOR - Adoption of a fixed, immobile stance. Freezing may be manifested by animals that perceive dangers and may be related to this. It also may be shown by predators hunting prey. In either case, the behavior is thought to render an animal less susceptible to detection. F07508. |
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FRESH - Referring to a postpartum cow. (colloquial term) F07509. |
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FRESHEN (cattle) - Parturition and commencement of lactation. (colloquial term) F07510. |
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FROG POSTURE - Full or partial extension of both hind legs forward along the sides of the recumbent body. In cattle and horses, frog posture is an indicator of hip dislocation, rupture of the adductor muscles, or paralysis of the obturator nerve. F07511. |
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FROLICKING - A form of play behavior, observed particularly in young animals and often in a social context. F07512. |
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FRONTAL - Referring to or located in the forehead. F07513. |
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FRUSTRATION - A theoretical concept referring to a condition that is produced hen an organism is blocked in its attempts to achieve a goal. Behavioral symptoms of frustration vary among species and may include elevated levels of pacing, grooming, preening, pawing, vocalization, and aggression. Sustained frustration promotes development of stereotypy or apathy. F07515. |
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FULL-PASS (horse) - An artificial maneuver in which the horse moves sideways in a direction 90 degrees from its median plane. Compare: Half-pass. F07516. |
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FUNCTION - In a behavioral context, that which is accomplished by a given action. In a statistical sense, a function mathematically defines the relationship between two or more variables. F07517. |
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FUNCTIONAL UNIT - A molar category subsuming behavioral actions that serve a common purpose, but may be performed in a different way. For example, a functional unit identified as "eating" may include intake of roughage, chopped roughage, mixed diet, concentrates etc., each such form of feed being consumed in a slightly different way. F07601. |
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GABBLING (geese) - One of the vocalizations of geese, consisting of repeated short, cackling sounds and most typically produced when encountering familiar peers. G07603. |
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GAIT - Action of the legs during locomotion. Also see specific gait - DIAGONAL; LATERAL. G07605. |
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GALLOP - The fastest naturally developed gait. The leg movement is similar to the canter, except the diagonal beat is extended so the forehoof hits the ground slightly later than the hindhoof and the phase of total suspension in the air is longer (a fast gallop is a distinctly four-heat gait). G07606. |
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GAMBOLING - Bouncing and turning, seemingly stiff-legged, in the air. Gamboling can be observed mainly in the young playing sheep and to a lesser degree in goats. G07608. |
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GANDER - A mature male goose G07610. |
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GASPING - Difficult breathing characterized by abrupt and often great effort in drawing breath. G07614. |
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