|
1 of 107 |
LIP SMACKING (horse) - A rhythmical smacking action of the lower lip toward the upper lip. Lip smacking is exhibited by some horses when under saddle or in unfamiliar environments. Lip smacking is thought to be indicative of mild excitement and is considered to be a nuisance vice. L10606. |
KeepDelete |
|
|
2 |
LISTEN - To attend to sound stimuli. L10607. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
3 |
LITTER - A group of siblings born during one parturition period. Also see specific litter - DEEP. L10609. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
4 |
LIVESTOCK - Farm animals used for production purposes. L10610. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
5 |
LOCALITY MEMORY - The ability of an organism to identify particular areas. L10612. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
6 |
LOCOMOTION - The activity of an organism moving itself between points in space. Also see specific locomotion -
DIGITIGRADE; PLANTIGRADE; RICOCHETAL. L10616. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
7 |
LOLLING, TONGUE - See Tongue Lolling. L10703. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
8 |
LOOSE HOUSING - A housing system where animals are not restricted in ambulation within a pen. L10705. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
9 |
LORDOSIS - Dorsiflexion of the spine occurring during the stage of sexual receptivity of females of some mammalian species. L10706. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
10 |
LOW SET - A term used to designate a short-legged animal L10708. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
11 |
LYING - Maintaining a recumbent position L10715. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
12 |
MAIDEN (horse) - A horse that has never won a race; a mare that has never been bred. M10803. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
13 |
MAINTENANCE BEHAVIOR - Any behavior through which an organism sustains its own physiological equilibrium or that of a dependent. In a broader sense, this term refers to activities required for essential physical and psychological comfort. M10804. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
14 |
MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR - Any behavior that directly or indirectly causes reduction or inhibition of the reproductive performance of a given organism. Compare: Maladjusted Behavior. M10806. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
15 |
MALADJUSTED BEHAVIOR - Any behavior that directly or indirectly reduces production performance, leads to health problems, or causes discomfort of a given organism. Compare: Maladaptive Behavior M10807. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
16 |
MALADJUSTMENT - Failure of an organism to cope effectively with its surroundings. M10808. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
17 |
MALSUCKING - Sucking directed toward other objects than mammary teats of a lactating female, or sucking directed toward the mammary teats but performed at an inappropriate age. Malsucking of inappropriate objects occurs frequently in early weaned or young, bucket-fed calves. Malsucking among adult animals is considered a serious social vice. M10812. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
18 |
MAMMILLA, OR MAMILLA - The nipple of a mammary gland. M10813. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
19 |
MANIA - A general term for behavioral disorders indicative of disease of the nervous system. Characteristic actions are excessive licking, chewing of unusual materials, perceptual incompetence, staggering gait, abnormal vocalization, and increased aggressiveness. M10815. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
20 |
MARE - A female horse that has foaled, or that is older than four years. M10903. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
21 |
MARKER ANIMAL - A hormonally masculinized female or a vasectomized or penectomized male used for identification of estrous cows. M10905. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
22 |
MARKING - Any deposition of scent compounds or other signs that serve to delineate territorial boundaries or trails, or to designate partners and group members. M10907. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
23 |
MASKING (horse) - Defecation or urination, generally by a stallion, on the feces of another horse. Masking is postulated to be an assertion of status or territory, or an attempt to mask olfactory stimuli from the feces of the other horse M10910. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
24 |
MASSAGING - Rhythmic and sustained mechanical manipulation of the integument and underlying tissues (e.g., manipulation of the mammaries of a sow by piglets prior to and after nursing) M10911. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
25 |
MASTICATION - The process of physically breaking down food in the mouth by tearing and grinding action of the teeth in preparation for swallowing and digestion. M10912. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
26 |
MASTURBATION - Sexual stimulation of the genitalia without coitus. Masturbation has been recorded in males of all mammalian farm animal species. Masturbation is conducted by rhythmic movements approximating pelvic thrusting (horses, cattle) or by self-licking of the penis (dogs, cats), M10914. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
27 of 107 |
MATE - An organism that is the sexual partner of an individual of the opposite sex. Such an association may be of short duration or may involve a pair bond over an extended period of time. As a verb, the term means to form a sexual partnership or, more specifically, to copulate. M10915. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
28 |
MATE PREFERENCE - A phenomenon manifested by some males and females of many polygamous and polyandrous species to favor specific sexual partners while avoiding or reducing interactions with others. Mate selection has been observed in horses, sheep, goats, and pigs. M10916. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
29 |
MATERNAL BEHAVIOR - Behavior of a dam directed toward the well-being and care of her dependent offspring or young. M11001. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
30 |
MATERNAL DEPARTURE - The phenomenon in which a dam temporarily leaves her offspring in some place (e.g., a nest), enabling her to conduct activities essential for survival (e.g., foraging for food). M11002. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
31 |
MATERNAL INADEQUACY - Inability of a dam to provide sufficient maternal care to her neonatal offspring. Maternal inadequacy usually is caused by agalactia or
hypogalactia, undernourishment, poor health, excessive excitability, or exhaustion due to
dystocia. Compare: Maternal Rejection. M11003. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
32 |
MATERNAL REJECTION - Social rejection of neonatal offspring by their dam Maternal rejection develops when, for some reason, normal primary socialization does not take place. It occurs in all species of farm animals, most frequently with primiparous dams or dams having infected or injured udders. Compare: Maternal Inadequacy, Kronism M11004. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
33 |
MATING - See specific mating -
ASSORTATIVE; RANDOM. M11005. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
34 |
MATING BEHAVIOR - The component of sexual behavior closely associated with and including copulation. M11006. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
35 |
MATING STANCE - Posture of a female indicative of sexual receptivity. Most common characteristics of this stance in four-legged animals are slightly spread hind legs, extended neck with slightly lowered head, and laterally displaced tail. M11007. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
36 |
MATRIARCH - A female that is predominant in the social organization of a social unit Such predominance involves alpha social status and arises out of ancestry to other members of the unit. M11008. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
37 |
MEDIAN - A plane or point of division of some distribution into two equal parts. M11104. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
38 |
MEMORY - The entire set of information acquired and retained by an organism and potentially available for its use. Also see specific memory - LONG-TERM; SHORT-TERM. M11109. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
39 |
MENTAL - Pertaining to the cognitive state or activity of the brain. M11201. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
40 |
MICTION - See Urination. M11208. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
41 |
MICTURITION - See Urination. M11209. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
42 |
MICTURITION REFLEX - The sequence of activities controlling urination. The reflex center is located in the spinal cord but is also controlled by the brain. M11210. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
43 |
MIGRATION - Movement, often seasonal and distant, of Part or all of an animal population from one area to another. M11213. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
44 |
MILK EJECTION - A process, controlled by the hormone
oxytocin, characterized by contraction of myoepithelal cells, alveoles, and small ducts of the mammary gland resulting in the expulsion of secreted milk. M11216. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
45 |
MILKING - Manual or mechanical extraction of milk from the mammary gland. M11218. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
46 |
MILKING HOBBLES (cattle) - A simple device used to prevent kicking. It consists of two metal pieces shaped to fit the hindlegs above the hocks and connected in front by a chain. At the present time, milking hobbles are seldom used during milking but occasionally are employed for the safety of a person conducting medical examination or treatment. M11219. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
47 |
MILKING PARLOR - An area specially designed for milking. M11301. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
48 |
MILK LETDOWN - Milk ejection. (colloquial term) M11302. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
49 |
MINCING - Circling around an adversary with the body hunched up and taking short, rapid steps. This behavior appears to be a combination of an attacking and of a defensive posture, commonly interpreted as a threat display. M11304. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
50 |
MISE EN MAIN (horse) - Relaxation of the jaw during ramener in dressage. M11306. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
51 |
"MM" VOCALIZATION (cattle) - A low-amplitude sound of variable duration (0.5 - 3.0 sec) produced with the mouth closed or only slightly open. It is emitted during social interactions with offspring and familiar peers (particularly young animals), during sexual interactions between females, or (directed toward a caretaker) while waiting for food or milking. It is thought that this vocalization promotes maintenance of herd cohesion. M11308. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
52 |
MOB - To engage as a group in harassment or attack of an individual(s). M11309. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
53 |
MOLTING - Seasonal shedding and regrowth of the pelage of mammals and the plumage of birds. Also see specific molting - CONTROLLED. M11315. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
54 of 107 |
MONOESTROUS FEMALES - Females that manifest only one estrous cycle per year. M11319. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
55 |
MONOGAMY - A reproductory arrangement in which two individuals of opposite sex form a primary and durable breeding unit. M11320. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
56 |
"MOOEH" VOCALIZATION (cattle) - A high amplitude call of intermediate duration (0.7 -1.2 sec) usually produced in a series of two to fifteen calls with the neck extended and mouth wide open, generally by sexually mature males This call is a threat signal when directed toward potential male adversaries at a distance or a greeting signal when oriented toward females or distant herdmates. M11407. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
57 |
"MOOH" VOCALIZATION (cattle) - A medium to high amplitude sound of intermediate duration (0.5 - 1.5 sec) produced as a single sound or a series of an animal is thirsty or hungry, separated from its calf, or threatened by a perceived danger, and is thought to be an indication of distress. M11408. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
58 |
MOON BLINDNESS (horse) - Equine periodic opthalmia, an eye disease. At an early stage it occurs periodically (approximately as often as every new moon thus, the name moon blindness). As the disease progresses, cataract formation leads to eventual blindness. M11409. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
59 |
"MOO" VOCALIZATION (cattle) - A medium amplitude sound of widely varying duration (0.5 - 4.0 sec) produced with neck partially extended and mouth open. It is emitted by animals seeking others or when hearing familiar sounds of feed delivery. It is thought that this call is an indicator of mild excitement. M11410. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
60 |
MORIBUND BEHAVIOR. - Behavior an animal performs when it is dying. M11507. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
61 |
MORTAR-EATING - Licking or pecking surfaces rich in minerals. It is assumed to be a sign of mineral deficiency in the diet. M11510. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
62 |
MOTHERING - See Maternal Care. (colloquial term) M11513. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
63 |
MOTHERING ABILITY - The ability of a dam to provide maternal care to her offspring. Various assessments of mothering ability commonly are used as criteria in breeding programs involving selection of female agricultural mammals. M11514. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
64 |
MOTILE - Capable of locomotion. M11515. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
65 |
MOTION ILLUSION - An illusion that an object is moving when it actually is motionless. M11516. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
66 |
MOTIONLESS SITTING - Maintaining a dog-sitting position for a long period of time with lowered head, semi-closed eyes, and apparently low level of alertness. The behavior occurs most often in pigs housed individually on concrete floors and fed concentrated diets. M11517. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
67 |
MOTIVATION - Urge to perform a given behavioral action. Motivation arises when a neural controlling mechanism that interprets incoming stimuli and assesses available alternatives selects an appropriate response. Compare: Drive. M11601. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
68 |
MOTIVATIONAL CORNERING - Cornering induced by some strong social or psychological attachment, and not because of physical restraint. (For example, a female in the presence of her offspring may not flee a predator, even if she could, hut may instead attack it.) Compare: Cornering. M11604. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
69 |
MOUNT - An event of mounting. M11612. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
70 |
MOUNTING - The act of an animal raising the anterior part of its body generally onto the posterior part of another animal. Mounting, while typically performed by a male as part of copulatory behavior, is also common in sexually homogeneous groups of animals. Mounting among females is usually a reliable sign of estrus. Also see Mounting Misalignment M11613. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
71 |
MOUNTING MISALIGNMENT - A heterosexual attempt to mount a female in a way that will not facilitate coital intromission of the male's penis: e.g., head mounting, or flank mounting. M11614. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
72 |
MOURNING - A state of psychological depression, caused by separation from strongly bonded organisms or objects, or by pain and illness. According to circumstances, behavioral indicators may include distress calls, lowered mobility, reduced appetite, and weakened attention to occurrences in its surrounding. M11701. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
73 |
MOUTH - The cavity in the head delineated by the jaws and pallet and containing the teeth and tongue. In birds the mouth includes the beak. At the anterior, the mouth opens to the external environment through the oral orifice (also called the mouth), and at the posterior connects with the nasal cavities, esophagus, and trachea. The mouth is adapted for the intake, gustation, mastication, and ingestion of food, facilitates vocalization and tactile stimulation, and may be used for breathing when the nasal passages are blocked or large volumes of air are required. In some species, the mouth also may serve as a weapon. Also see specific mouth - BROKEN. M11702. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
74 |
MOUTHING - Investigation of objects by manipulation with the mouth. Mouthing is most common in young animals. In some situations, mouthing nay develop into a persistent, stereotyped behavior pattern. M11703. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
75 |
MOVEMENT - Any spatial translocation of all or part of an organism. Also see specific movement - COMFORT; EXPRESSIVE; FETAL; INTENTION; SIGNAL; STEREOTYPED. M11704. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
76 |
"MRRH" VOCALIZATION (cattle) - A variable amplitude sound of a relatively short duration (0.5 -1.0 sec) produced with the mouth closed. It occurs when animals are resting, but may indicate muscular effort in a resting situation because it frequently is emitted when an animal adjusts its lying posture. In mature males, a similar sound often is emitted in conjunction with propulsus during copulation. M11705. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
77 |
MULE - The offspring of an ass sire (jack) and a horse dam. M11706. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
78 |
MULEY - A polled cow. M11707. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
79 |
MULTIPAROUS - Referring to females having undergone more than one cycle of pregnancy and parturition. Compare: Primiparous. M11709. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
80 |
MUSCLE FATIGUE - Inability or severely reduced ability of a muscle fiber to exert force when action potentials pass through the neuromuscular junction and spread over the fiber. Muscle fatigue develops as a consequence of prolonged and strong contraction of the muscle involved M11711. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
81 of 107 |
MUSCLING, DOUBLE - See Double Muscling M11712. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
82 |
MUSCONE (swine) - A phenomenal steroid produced in the sub-maxillary gland of mature boars and secreted through the prepuce. A synthetic form of this steroid is used as an estrus detection aid in swine. M11801. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
83 |
MUSTANG - A feral horse descended from horses brought by Spanish colonists to America. M11803. |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
84 |
NAIVE - Lacking in experience. N11901 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
85 |
NAPPING (horse) - Serious disobedience of the rider's commands. Napping may be manifested in various forms, such as refusing to leave the home range territory, refusing to jump, or ignoring direction commands. N11903 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
86 |
NASAL REFLEX - Sneezing in response to irritation of the nasal membrane. N11907 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
87 |
NATURAL BREEDING - Breeding that takes place without direct human intervention. N11910 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
88 |
NATURAL INSEMINATION - Insemination achieved by copulation. N11911 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
89 |
NATURAL MATING - Natural insemination. N11915 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
90 |
NATURAL SERVICE - Natural insemination. N11919 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
91 |
NAVEL SUCKING - Sucking on the navel area of other individuals. It occurs often in young, early-weaned, group-housed, trough or bucket-fed calves. Navel suckling can cause serious damage to the affected tissue, resulting in infection and abscesses. N12002 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
92 |
NECK, ARCHED (horse) - See Arched Neck. N12004 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
93 |
NECK EXTENDING - Pronounced forward extension of the neck manifested by many animals, but most distinctly by geese. Neck extending in geese seems to have two meanings: a greeting signal when accompanied by gabbling, or a warning signal when accompanied by hissing. N12005 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
94 |
NEED - Any requirement that is necessary for an organism to develop normally and to maintain its physical and psychological health. Compare: Desire. N12008 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
95 |
NEEDLE TEETH (swine) - A pair of temporary tusks and a pair of comer incisors in the upper and the lower jaws of neonatal piglets. N12009 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
96 |
NEGATIVE REINFORCER - See Reinforcer. N12011 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
97 |
NEIGH (horse) - A medium to high amplitude, rapidly pulsed sound of relatively tong duration (1.0 - 3.0 sec). This sound is produced with the mouth partially open and nostrils slightly vibrating. The head usually is raised and the ears which it has a social bond (e.g., a dam separated from offspring, a horse separated from a permanent stablemate or sexual partner during estrus). It is thought to be an indication of excitement. N12012 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
98 |
NEONURSING - Nursing that occurs during and shortly after parturition, characterized by sporadic and socially unsynchronized suckling by neonatal piglets prior to establishment of a regular nursing cycle. N12014 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
99 |
NEOPHOBIA - The fear of novel stimuli. Many organisms exhibit neophobia, which is commonly induced by unfamiliar or altered surroundings or unusual events. N12015 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
100 |
NEST - A structure built by some animals for the purpose of depositing and hatching their eggs, delivering and protecting their offspring, or in some cases, housing themselves. N12106 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
101 |
NESTING - The process of building or occupying a nest. N12107 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
102 |
NIBBLING, WITHER - See Wither Nibbling. N12211 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
103 |
NICKER (horse) - A low to medium amplitude sound of relatively short duration (0.4 -1.0 sec). This sound is produced with the mouth closed and nostrils dilated by horses expecting food, by dams toward offspring (quiet nicker), and by stallions during courtship (forceful nicker). N12213 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
104 |
NONADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR - See Maladaptive Behavior N12301 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
105 |
NONRUMINANT - Animals without a rumen as part of their digestive tract (e.g., pigs and poultry). N12304 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
106 |
NORMAL BEHAVIOR - Behavior that qualitatively and quantitatively does not deviate from regular or stabilized form. Commonly interpreted as behavior of an animal that is healthy and free from pathological stress. N12309 |
KeepDelete
|
|
|
107 |
NOSE - A facial structure of mammals having two external openings (nostrils) that lead to nasal cavities which in turn connect with the buccal cavity and the respiratory passages. The nose is used as a pathway for transfer of air to and from the lungs during breathing and the nasal cavities contain olfactory receptors which enable olfaction. N12314 |
KeepDelete
|
|