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NOSE LEAD (cattle) - A small device that can be inserted into an animal's nostrils and squeezed by hand to pinch the nasal septum and thus facilitate handling. N12401 |
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NOSING - Making contact with an object or the body of another organism with the nose. Nosing is commonly displayed during investigation following sniffing, prior to suckling, and during courtship. N12403. |
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NOSING CALLS (swine) - High frequency sounds of irregular duration produced by piglets during the nosing stage of the nursing event. N12404 |
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NOTCHING - Cutting of notches in the ears of animals for the purpose of permanent identification. N12405 |
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NUDGING - Relatively gentle pushing generally using the head. Nudging is displayed by cattle, sheep, goats, and swine during play and most typically by males during sexual courtship or immediately before mounting the female. N12408 |
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NURSING - The act of releasing milk to suckling young. Also see specific nursing - CYCLICAL N12411 |
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NURSING CYCLE - A series of nursing-related activities culminating in ejection of milk by the nursing dam and ingestion of such milk by suckling young. Swine exhibit a complex nursing cycle consisting of several phases: Assembly phase (gathering of piglets around the sow and assumption of the nursing posture by the sow). Nosing phase (massage of the mammary glands by the piglets, accompanied by nosing calls and occasional suckling attempts); Slow suckling phase
(noningestive suckling conducted at a rate of approximately I pulse per second); True suckling phase (ingestive suckling conducted at a rate of approximately 3 pulses per second); and Departure phase (sporadic massaging, suckling, and occasional resting, followed by complete separation of piglets from the mammary glands). N12412 |
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NURSING GRUNT (swine) - One of an extended rhythmic series of grunts produced by a sow just prior to and during the nursing cycle. The rate of grunting changes from slow (approx. 1 per sec) before milk letdown to fast (approx. 3 per sec) during milk letdown and then gradually decreases when milk letdown ceases. Nursing grunts alert piglets to the imminent onset of milk availability and appear to help coordinate their suckling activity. N12413 |
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NYSTAGMUS - Periodic, apparently involuntary vertical, horizontal, or rotatory eye movement. The eye movement usually proceeds slowly, hut when the endpoint of the motion is reached, there is a quick return of the eye to its original orientation. N12506 |
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OBESITY - Excessive accumulation of body fat resulting in abnormally high body weight. O12507. |
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING - Learning by observing the behavioral responses and reinforcement of other individuals. Observational learning also 5 called vicarious learning. O12514. |
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OCCUPATIONAL VACUUM - A state of seriously thwarted motivation of an organism to interact with its environment, caused either by diminished novelty or unarousing surroundings. Occupational vacuum can also be generated by inability of the organism to interact with its surroundings due to extended physical or psychological restraint, O12607. |
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ODDITY TRAINING - A series of discrimination trials in which the correct solution is characterized by being different from a group of alternatives. The learning set to be acquired involves the principle that the correct alternative learning set to be acquired involves the principle that the correct alternative to choose has features not shared by any other alternative. O12611. |
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ODOR - Sensation caused by chemical stimulation of receptors in the mucous membranes of the nasal cavities. Also see specific odor - GROUP. O12612. |
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OESTRUS - See Estrus. O12613. |
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OFFENSIVE AGGRESSION - Unprovoked aggression. In a social context, offensive aggression is not manifested in response to aggression instigated by another individual, but is an attempt to gain some resource at the expense of the individual toward which it is directed. O12614. |
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OFF FEED - Referring to loss of appetite for food. (colloquial term) O12615. |
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OFF SIDE (horse) - See Far Side. O12616. |
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OFFSPRING PREFERENCE - Preference of a young animal to associate with and receive care from a particular
adult(s). Such a preference may be expressed at more than one level, e.g., preference for a parent versus another adult, or for one parent versus the other. O12614. |
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OILING - A component action of preening in which a bird uses its beak to spread oil secreted by the uropygial gland over its
plummage. Oiling helps to keep the feathers in good condition. O12702. |
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OMEGA ANIMAL - An animal that ranks lowest socially in its group Compare: Alpha Animal. O12711. |
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OMNIVOROUS - Subsisting on feed of both plant and animal origin. O12712. |
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OPEN-FIELD BEHAVIOR - Behavior manifested and(or)studied in an open-field test situation. O12716. |
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OPEN-FIELD TEST - Exposure of an organism to some standardized environmental arrangement, apart from that where it normally resides, in order to study its approach-avoidance responses or signs of emotionality. O12717. |
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OPERANT CONDITIONING - A type of conditioning in which reinforcement is contingent on a given operation
(e.g..bar pressing). In operant conditioning it is unimportant what technique the animals use to conduct such an operation; the response may be somewhat variable as long as the operation is performed. O12720. |
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OPTHALMIA - Contagious inflammation of the eye, affecting mainly sheep and goats O12803. |
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ORAL - Pertaining to the mouth. O12807. |
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ORAL TENDENCY - Tendency to examine objects using the mouth. Normally, oral tendencies are common in very young mammals. Artificially, they can be induced by bilateral temporal
lobectomy. O12808. |
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ORGASM - The culminating point of sexual excitement associated with distinct physiological and behavioral characteristics such as high vasopression rhythmic muscular contractions, and semen ejaculation (in males). O12815. |
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ORTS - The remains of feed in a trough or feeder that an
animal(s) refrains from eating. O12903. |
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OUTDOOR HOUSING - A housing system where animals are kept predominantly or continuously outdoors. Outdoor housing facilities usually have simple shelters to provide protection against weather extremes. O12912. |
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OVERCROWDING - An excessively high spatial density of animals due to some abnormal environment (e.g., inadequate space caused by physical constraint or avoidance of an inhospitable area). Overcrowding compels breakdown of individual distance zones and, in extreme circumstances, extend their limbs without interference, or have adequate opportunity for extend their limbs without interference, or have adequate opportunity for eating or drinking- The consequences of overcrowding depend on its intensity and duration, and thus may range from frustration, boredom, elevated competition for space, and towered cleanliness in the pen to serious behavior anomalies (stereotypy, lethargy, learned helplessness), high levels of aggression, nutritional deprivation, inability to maintain effective thermoregulation and increased mortality. Compare: Crowding. O13014. |
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OVERINCLUSION - Inability to inhibit an undesirable response associated with a particular stimulus. O13001. |
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OVERLEARNING - Continuation of learning trials beyond the stage necessary for required retention. O13002. |
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OVERLYING (swine) - Incidental lying down by a sow onto piglets, causing their injury or death. O13003. |
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OVER REACH (horse) - Defective leg action causing the hoof of the hind leg to touch the heel of the foreleg. O13004. |
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OVINE - Sheep or pertaining to sheep. O13009. |
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OVIPOSITION - The act of expulsion of fully developed eggs from the body. O13011. |
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OX - A castrated male bovine used in draft work. O13014. |
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PACE (horse) - A two-beat gait with the leg movement synchronized laterally. The sequence of hoof beats is left hind together with left fore followed by right hind together with right fore. Generally, the pace is an artificially attained gait in horses. Compare: Natural Pacer. P13101. |
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PACER (horse) - A horse that races using a two-beat lateral gait called the pace. Also see specific pacer - NATURAL. P13102. |
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PACING - Stereotyped, short-distance walking back and forth, or side to side, typically manifested by animals kept in close confinement. P13103. |
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PADDLING (horse) - Defective leg action in which the leg is thrown outward during the extension phase. P13105. |
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PAIN - Unpleasant sensation, usually localized, resulting from noxious stimulation or injury. P13106. |
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PAIN SYMPTOM - Any sign or behavioral display indicative of distinct discomfort due to the experience of pain, such as lack of or reduced eye movement, puckered eyelids, dilated nostrils, ears pulled back (horse), teeth grinding (swine), reduced or lack of tonguing (cattle), head turning and kicking toward affected part of the body, distress vocalization, abnormal postures, frequently changing body position, pawing with the feet, head pushing toward the wall, sensitivity to palpation of the affected area, etc. P13107. |
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PAIRING - Any voluntary or imposed grouping of two individuals. Typical pair formations can be observed between sexual partners, between mutually investigating adversaries, etc. P13109. |
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PALATABILITY - Relative acceptability of feed as influenced by factors such as taste, smell, structure, color, or other nonnutritional attributes. P13110. |
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PALSY - Paralysis. P13115. |
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PANTING - Increased breathing characterized by polypnea or hyperpnea and generally performed with an open mouth and distinct thoracic movements. Panting primarily serves to increase oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange or to increase evaporative heat loss. P13202. |
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PARALLEL MOVEMENT - Completely synchronized movement of dual organs. This term is most commonly applied to movement of the eyeballs when focussing on distant objects. P13206. |
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PARALYSIS - Partial or complete loss of muscle functions caused by injury or neural disfunction. P13207. |
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PARENTAL - Pertaining to parents, to adults displaying parental care, or to the generation of parents as a whole. P13214. |
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PARENTAL BEHAVIOR - Behavior of parents, foster parents, or other adults characterized by assistance, cooperation, leadership or training of offspring or young conspecifics prior to weaning. P13215. |
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PARENTAL REJECTION - Social rejection of offspring by a parent. P13301. |
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PARENTAL PREFERENCE - Preference of a parent to care for or associate with a particular young individual or group of such individuals. Such a preference may be expressed at several levels, e.g., preference for offspring versus other young, for neonatal offspring versus older offspring, or for certain individuals versus others in a litter. P13217. |
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PARTURITION - The process of giving birth. P13309. |
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PARTURITION PERIOD - A period of time starting with the first symptoms of labor and ending when the afterbirth is eliminated from the mother's body. P13310. |
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PASO (horse) - A smooth four-beat gait of Paso horses. The lateral legs are lifted al most simultaneously, but the hindhoof contacts the ground shortly before the forehoof. The sequence of leg movements is similar to that of the stow gait in five-gaited horses, but the action is not as high and the cadence may be faster. P13311. |
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PASSAGE (horse) - A dressage gait, performed as a collected and highly rhythmical trot with even beats between diagonally synchronized legs. P13312. |
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PATCH AVOIDANCE - A form of selective grazing whereby animals avoid small circular areas of pasture marked by excreta of other grazing animals. P13316. |
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PATCHING - Patch avoidance by grazing animals. (colloquial term) P13317. |
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PATELLAR REFLEX - Extension of the limb in response to a mild blow to the patellar tendon. P13318. |
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PATERNAL - Pertaining to the male parent or sometimes to ancestors on the sire's side. P13319. |
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PARENTAL BEHAVIOR - Behavior of parents, foster parents, or other adults characterized by assistance, cooperation, leadership or training of offspring or young conspecifics prior to weaning. P13215. |
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PARENTAL REJECTION - Social rejection of offspring by a parent P13402. |
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PARTURITION - The process of giving birth. P13309. |
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PARTURITION PERIOD - A period of time starting with the first symptoms of labor and ending when the afterbirth is eliminated from the mother's body. P13310. |
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PASO (horse) - A smooth four-beat gait of Paso horses. The lateral legs are lifted almost simultaneously, but the hindhoof contacts the ground shortly before the forehoof. The sequence of leg movements is similar to that of the slow gait in five-gaited horses, but the action is not as high and the cadence may be faster. P13311. |
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PASSAGE (horse) - A dressage gait, performed as a collected and highly rhythmical trot with even beats between diagonally synchronized legs. P13312. |
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PATCH AVOIDANCE - A form of selective grazing whereby animals avoid small circular areas of pasture marked by excreta of other grazing animals. P13316. |
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PATCHING - Patch avoidance by grazing animals. (colloquial term) P13317. |
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PATELLAR REFLEX - Extension of the limb in response to a mild blow to the patellar tendon. P13318. |
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PATERNAL CARE - Epimeletic behavior of a sire directed toward dependent offspring or young P13320. |
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PATERNALISM - Control over satisfaction of needs and desires of an individual on its behalf, rather than allowing it to attempt to fulfill such needs and desires itself. P13401. |
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PATERNAL REJECTION - Social rejection of neonatal offspring by their sire P13402. |
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PATHOGNOMONIC BEHAVIOR - Any behavioral sign symptomatic of a pathological condition of an organism. P13404. |
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PATRIARCH - A male that is predominant in the social organization of a given social unit. Such predominance involves alpha social status and arises out of ancestry to other members of the unit. P13407. |
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PATTERN, ACTION - See Action Pattern. P13408. |
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PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING - See Classical Conditioning. P13410. |
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PAWING - A scooping leg movement, generally on the ground. Animals may display pawing in play situations, as warning signals, when searching for food in snow-covered terrain, when in pain, or when frustrated. P13412. |
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PECKING - Making contact with an object or the body of another organism using the tip of the beak. Pecking is performed with a short, quick forward motion of the head and is displayed during investigation following visual inspection, during feeding, during fighting, and during courtship. Also see specific pecking - FEATHER. P13413. |
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PECKING RIGHT (poultry) - A term occasionally used to refer to unreciprocated pecks directed towards group peers. Pecking right is assumed to be a sign of rigid social dominance or despotism. P13414. |
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PECK ORDER - Social hierarchy in domestic birds. P13415. |
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PEEP - A high-amplitude repeated vocalization produced repetitively by young domestic poultry (and young of a variety of wild avian species) in response to physical discomfort or separation from conspecifics. Each peep is characterized by relatively short duration and primarily descending sound frequency. The peep vocalization also is referred to as a distress call or separation call P13416. |
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PELVIC THRUSTING - See Thrusting. P13418. |
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PEN - Any housing unit within a barn, separated from others by barriers, which can he occupied by one animal (individual pen) or several animals (group pen). Also see specific pen - FLOOR. P13501. |
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PENECTOMY - Surgical removal of a part of a penis. This term also refers to surgical displacement of the penis to prevent natural insemination. P13502. |
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PENIS, BROKEN - See Broken Penis. P13503. |
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PERCH - Any elevated object upon which a bird stands or sits. Also, the act of standing or sitting on such an object P13509. |
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PERIPARTURIENT BEHAVIOR - Behavioral activities related to and occurring around the time of parturition. P13512. |
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PERSONAL DISTANCE - See Individual Distance. P13517. |
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PERSONAL SPACE - See Individual Distance Zone. P13518. |
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PESSAGE (horse) - A dressage exercise of the Spanish High Riding School in which the horse raises the anterior portion of its body by supporting itself on its hindlegs which are spread apart and slightly bent at the hocks, and the forelegs are folded underneath the chest. The pessage is performed in the same way as the levade except that the anterior of the horse is raised higher. P13602. |
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PHALLECTOMY - Surgical trimming or amputation of the penis to prevent intromission. Phallectomy is used to develop teaser bulls for estrus detection. P13603. |
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PHEROMONE - A chemical substance secreted and perceived by individuals of the same species. Pheromones are of two types: signaling pheromones, which induce a behavioral response, and priming pheromones, which induce physiological changes. Pheromones are important in sexual behavior. P13608. |
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PHOBIA - An excessive, persistent and apparently unsubstantiated fear specific to given stimuli, situations, or circumstances. P13611. |
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PHORETIC BEHAVIOR - The use of one organism by another organism as a means of transport. P13613. |
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PIAFFE (horse) - A dressage gait performed as a highly rhythmical trot on the spot with even beats between diagonally synchronized legs. P13702. |
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PICA - Abnormal appetite for unusual and often inappropriate feed, e.g., dirt, hair, feces, etc. P13704. |
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PIEBALD (horse) - A black coated horse with white spots. P13705. |
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PIG - Young swine, usually below 75 kg body weight. This term is being used increasingly for all categories of swine. P13707. |
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PIGLET - A young pig during its first two months of life. P13708. |
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PIGLET SCOUR - See Colibacillosis. P13709. |
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PILING (poultry) - Extremely dense accumulation of individuals in a small area so that some may be buried under others. Piling is observed primarily in poultry and is caused by a serious environmental inadequacy, such as inappropriate temperature, strong draft, or limitation of an essential resource, or by events inducing fear and escape responses, such as unusual light or unfamiliar noise, a predator, or an action of a careless attendant. Piling, if not immediately corrected, leads to suffocation of the buried individuals. P13710. |
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PILOERECTION - Erection of hair. Piloerection commonly is a thermoregulatory response and also may be observed during aggressive interactions. P13711. |
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PINTO (horse) - A horse with spotted, piebald, or mottled coat color. P13713. |
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PIPPED EGG (poultry) - An egg that is visibly cracked or perforated by the beak of its hatching chick. P13714. |
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