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PIPPING - The first cracking of the egg shell by the hatching chick. P13715. |
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PIROUETTE (horse) - A dressage maneuver in which the forelegs follow a circle having a radius equal to the distance between the hindlegs and forelegs. Pirouette may be performed in collected walk, collected canter, or passage P13716. |
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PLACENTOPHAGIA - Eating of own afterbirth by a postparturient female P13721. |
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PLACER (horse) - In dressage, lateral flexion of the head in the direction of movement during performance of the half-pass. P13801. |
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PLANT AVOIDANCE - A form of selective grazing in which animals avoid certain plants of the pasture flora. Compare: Defoliation, Progressive Defoliation, Patch Avoidance. P13802. |
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PLAY BEHAVIOR - A set of activities experienced as pleasurable in themselves by the organism performing them. Play behavior might be directed either toward the surroundings or toward the body of the animal itself. Social play often imitates serious situations (e.g., social conflicts) but without the serious consequences of such situations. P13805. |
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PLEASURE - An emotional state resulting from an enjoyable sensation. P13806. |
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PLUMAGE - Feather coverage of a bird's body. P13810. |
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POLLARD - A castrate, usually a female chicken whose ovary has been removed; also may refer to a hornless cow or sheep. P13904. |
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POLLING - See Dehorning. P13905. |
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PONY - A small horse not taller than 150 cm when mature. P13920. |
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PORCINE - Swine or pertaining to swine. P14003. |
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POST-LEGGED - Pertaining to animals with abnormally straight hind legs P14011. |
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POST-NATAL - After birth. P14012. |
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POSTPARTUM - The period of time following parturition. P14013. |
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POSTPARTURIENT BEHAVIOR - Behavior of mammalian females displayed after delivery of their offspring. Postparturient behavior characteristically includes puerperal behavior and epimeletic behavior oriented toward off includes puerperal behavior and epimeletic behavior oriented toward offspring (neonatal licking, nursing, protection, play, parental training, and weaning). P14014. |
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POSTURE - The attitude or position of the body. Also see specific posture -AMBIVALENT; HERDING. P14017. |
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POULT - A young turkey up to the stage of secondary sexual differentiation. P14019. |
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POULTRY - Birds bred for production of eggs or meat P14020. |
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POUNDING (horse) - Defective leg action in which the contact of the hooves with the ground appears excessively heavy. P14101. |
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PRECOCIAL - Refers to species whose individuals are sufficiently developed at birth or hatching to see, move in a coordinated fashion, and fend fairly well for themselves. Neonatal individuals of such species require much less parental care than those of altricial species. Compare ;
Altricial. P14103. |
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PRECONDITIONING - Preparation of an animal to cope with changes in environment (social or physical). This preparation may involve exposure to novel feeds, familiarization with different environments, handling, etc. Also see specific preconditioning - SENSORY . P14105. |
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PREDATION - A form of interspecies relationship in which the attacker (predator) kilts and eats the victim (prey). P14106. |
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PREDATOR - Any animal which preys upon other animals. P14107. |
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PREENING - An act of integumentary care in birds similar in function to grooming in mammals. Preening is manifested as manipulation of feathers and distribution of secretions from the uropygial gland (preen gland) using the beak, and also as scratching of the body surface with claws or beak. P14110. |
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PREFERENCE - Choice of a certain alternative over another
alternative(s). This term generally is used in reference to a specific situation or the outcome of such a situation (e.g., preference test, natural preference, learned preference, spatial preference, social preference, feed preference, color preference, preference index, preference order, etc.). Also see specific preference - LEARNED; MATE; NATURAL; OFFSPRING; PARENTAL; SIBLING; SOCIAL P14111. |
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PREHENSION - The act of grasping or seizing. Also, the action of the tongue and lips during feed intake of grazing animals. P14203. |
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PREMATURE BIRTH - Birth after an abnormally short gestation. Offspring born prematurely tend to be underweight or underdeveloped in other ways and usually require special care to survive. P14204. |
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PREPARTUM - Before parturition. P14206. |
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PREPARTURIENT BEHAVIOR - Behavioral actions indicative of impending parturition. Typical preparturient behavior in farm animals comprises reduced ambulatory activity, avoidance of slippery floors, careful locomotion, search for delivery site, nest building in some species (e.g., swine, rabbits), search for delivery site, nest building in some species (e.g., swine, rabbits), and predelivery excitement followed by increased recumbency with high respiratory rate. P14208. |
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PREPUCE SUCKING - Sucking on the prepuce of other individuals. It occurs in young group-housed bull calves. Prepuce sucking may lead to infection abscesses, or stricture of the prepuce causing difficult urination. P14211. |
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PRESENTING - Exposure of external genitalia by a female in estrus to a male or sexually cooperative female. P14303. |
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PRESSING - See specific pressing - CHIN HEAD. P14304. |
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PREVENTIVE AGGRESSION - See Defensive Aggression. P14306. |
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PROCEPTIVE BEHAVIOR - Solicitation of a male's attention by a sexually receptive female.Compare :Presenting. P14410. |
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PROESTRUS - The first phase of the estrous cycle, characterized by rapid increase in the size of ovarian follicles and the occurrence of early signs of estrous behavior P14416. |
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PROGRESSIVE DEFOLIATION - A form of selective grazing whereby animals preferentially consume the most palatable Parts of some plants before eating less palatable portions. Progressive defoliation is most obvious when pasture flora is inadequate in highly palatable plants. P14503. |
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PROGRESSIVE LAMENESS - Lameness that gradually increases over time, usually caused by inflammation, degeneration of tissue, or
neoplasia. P14504. |
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PROLAPSE - Protrusion of an organ or part of an organ from its normal position due to inadequate strength of supportive tissue (e.g., anal,
cloacal, or vaginal prolapse). P14507. |
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PROPULSUS (cattle) - A segment of copulatory behavior in males, characterized by a distinct, powerful thrust immediately after intromission, and accompanied by ejaculation. P14515. |
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PROXIMAL - Near or closer to a point of reference. Antonym: Distal. P14603. |
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PSEUDOCONDITIONING - Development of association between an unconditioned stimulus and a previously neutral stimulus that is not paired with the unconditioned stimulus in time but, due to chance, sometimes appears close to it. As a result, a conditioned response becomes elicited upon the occurrence of the previously neutral stimulus. P14608. |
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PSEUDOPREGNANCY - Occurrence of physiological and behavioral symptoms of pregnancy without conception. P14609. |
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PSYCHOLOGICAL CASTRATION - Conditioned inhibition of sexual behavior. P14616. |
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PSYCHOLOGICAL ESTRUS - Manifestation of alI behavioral signs of estrus, except tolerating mounting. P14617. |
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PUBERTAL BEHAVIOR - Behavioral activities occurring typically during the period of development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive maturity. P14704. |
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PUBERTY - The developmental stage of an organism when the gonads start to secrete hormones in amounts that are sufficient to cause maturation of genitalia and appearance of secondary sexual characteristics. In normal circumstances, the period is completed when the organism achieves the capability to produce viable gametes and displays behavior characteristic of sexual maturity. P14705. |
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PUERPERAL BEHAVIOR - Behavior indicative of physical exhaustion immediately following Parturition. The characteristic behavioral state is recumbency. The duration of recumbency is influenced by species affiliation and delivery ease. P14706. |
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PULLET - A female chicken close to sexual maturity. P14709. |
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PULLING, FLEECE - See Fleece Pulling P14710. |
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QUACKING (duck) - A vocalization of ducks, produced either as a single sound or, more typically, as a short series of low sounds, Q14804. |
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QUADRIPLEGTA - Paralysis or paresis of all four limbs. Synonym: Tetraplegia. Q14805. |
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QUIDDING - Abnormal eating behavior, characterized by a repeated sequence of food intake, attempt to chew, and expulsion of food from the mouth. It may be caused by a dental problem or an inability to swallow. Q14809. |
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QUIESCENCE - Rest, absence of activity. Compare: Refractory Phase Q14810. |
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QUIET ESTRUS - See Silent Estrus. Q14811. |
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RACK (horse) - An artificially attained fast cadence, four-beat gait of five-gaited horses. Each leg leaves and hits the ground at regular intervals in the sequence, left hind, left fore, right hind, right fore. Synonym: Single Foot. R14905. |
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RALES - Chest sounds produced during inspiration and expiration by an animal suffering from respiratory disease. R14908. |
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RAM - A sexually mature male sheep. R14909. |
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RAM BLOCKING - A tendency of some males to place themselves between estrous ewes and other males thus preventing them from mating. Ram blocking is commonly displayed by dominant males and in some situations can have an adverse effect on conception rates. R14910. |
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RAMENER (horse) - In dressage, reduction of the angle between the head and neck while the poll is kept at the apex. R14911. |
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RATE - Quantity of a variable in relation to some other variable or standard (e.g., number of behavioral events per given time period). Also see specific rate - HEART; RESPIRATION. R15007. |
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REACTION TIME - Time between the beginning of stimulation and the initiation of response. Compare: Response Latency. R15013. |
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REACTIVE INHIBITION - Diminishing learning rate or lessened response strength with increasing number of preceding responses in a given trial series. R15014. |
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REAFFERENCE - Illusionary movement of objects in the visual field caused by discrepancy between the picture expected by the brain and the image on the retina R15015. |
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REARING - Lifting of the anterior part of the body by shifting weight entirely to the hindlegs. Rearing is common in many species during play, aggression, or us a segment of mounting behavior. Rearing of a ridden horse may indicate refusal or be a startle response and if excessively high, may result in falling over backward, dangerous to both rider and horse. R15017. |
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REAR-LEG LIFT (horse) - Partial lifting of a rear leg indicative of readiness to kick. Rear-leg lift is considered to be a threat signal. R15101. |
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RECEPTIVE PHASE - The second phase of estrus, occurring prior to hut closely linked with ovulation. The receptive phase is characterized by willingness of an estrous female to engage in mating. R15102. |
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RECUMBENCY - See Lie and specific recumbency - LATERAL; SEMILATERAL; VENTRAL R15105. |
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REDUCTION - Transfer of behavior from the stimulus that motivates it to an alternative stimulus. Redirection may occur when some factor inhibits the animal's response toward the eliciting stimulus, and the behavior is then directed toward the alternate stimulus. R15106. |
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REFUSAL (horse) - Disobedience (e.g., when the horse refuses to jump an obstacle). R15201. |
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REGURGITATION - Flow of stomach contents back from the stomach to the mouth. Regurgitation facilitates remastication of boluses of feed in ruminants and provision of food for offspring in canids and some species of birds. R15203. |
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RELAXATION - To enter into or maintain a restful state characterized by lessened work output, reduction of the level of tonus in tissue (e.g., muscular relaxation) or diminished level of mental arousal (mental relaxation). R15214. |
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RELEARNING - Reinstitution, through a learning process, of previously learned acts which for some reason have become extinct. R15303. |
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RENVERS (horse) - An inverse travers. R15306. |
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REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR - Behavioral actions involved in the sexual reproduction of an organism, including search for a mate(s), courtship, copulatory behavior, and parental care. R15312. |
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RESPIRATION - Inspiration and expiration of air. R15317. |
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REST - Interruption of training or work to avoid or recover from fatigue, exhaustion or overtraining. R15412. |
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RESTING AREA - A location used regularly by one or more animals when resting. Characteristically, resting areas provide safety, protection against adverse weather conditions, or a good vantage point for surveillance of the surroundings. The term also is used to refer to animal holding facilities or pens designed to be used by animals when resting. R15414. |
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RESTLESSNESS - A behavioral state characterized by sustained arousal and motor activity. Typical actions include short and repeated periods of pacing, scratching, ground scratching, head tossing or jerking, grooming or preening, higher occurrence of urination, frequent alteration between standing and lying, and increased ambulation. R15501. |
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RESTRAINT - Any technique used to temporarily discourage or prevent unwanted movement. Restraint is used for examination, surgery, convalescence, breeding, and safe handling of animals. R15502. |
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RESTRICTED FEEDING - See Limited Feeding. R15503. |
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RETENTION - Persistence of information in the memory of an organism. R15505. |
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RETRACTED EARS (horse) - Ears flattened along the dorsal portion of the head. Retraction of ears is a common display during agnostic encounters. R15508. |
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RETURNED APPETITE - A clinical term for resumption of normal intensity of eating or normal feed intake after a period of inappetance or reduced appetite. R15511. |
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REWARD - A stimulus or situation that occurs contingent upon performance of a particular behavior and that has pleasant or satisfying characteristics for a given organism. Also see specific reward-ADVENTITIOUS; PRIMARY; SECONDARY. R15513. |
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RICOCHETAL LOCOMOTION - Locomotion conducted by jumps or hops. R15606. |
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RIG - A cryptorchid horse. (colloquial term) R15607. |
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RIGHT, PECKING - See Pecking Right. R15609. |
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RITUALIZED BEHAVIOR - Behavior, often eclectic in nature, performed in a symbolic, stereotyped manner which is Part of behavior patterns typical of, and often specific to a species (e.g., courtship feeding in some birds). R15614. |
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ROADSTER (horse) - A horse trained, exhibited, or competing in the pulling of bikes or road wagons. Roadsters are judged working at a walking pace and at slow, medium, and full speed trot. R15615. |
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ROAR (horse) - A low to medium amplitude sound of variable duration (0.2 - 1.5 sec) emitted during breathing with the mouth slightly open. It is caused by reduced control of the vocal cords and may be a consequence of damage to the laryngeal nerve. Roaring may develop after severe pneumonia and can be corrected surgically. R15616. |
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ROLLING (cattle) - See Tongue Rolling. R15704. |
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ROLLING (horse) - An activity characterized by lying down and rolling onto the back accompanied by rubbing movement against the ground. Rolling is considered to be comfort related. The term also refers to side-to-side movement of the body during running in wide-fronted and wide-based horses. R15705. |
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ROLLING (poultry) - See Egg Rolling. R15706. |
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ROOST - Any elevated object used as a resting place by birds. In animal agriculture, any object constructed by humans for such use by birds. Also, the act of resting on such objects. R15707. |
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ROOSTER - A mature male chicken. R15708. |
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ROOTING (swine) - Digging the ground with the snout. R15709. |
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ROPE-WALKING (horse) - Defective leg action in which the moving leg travels in a semicircle around the supporting leg and the hooves are planted too close to the horse's midline. R15710. |
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ROTATION - A twisting or turning movement around the longitudinal axis of a body or limb R15711. |
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ROUTE HORSE - A horse trained for long distance racing. (colloquial term) R15713. |
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RUB - To press some portion of the body against a blunt object, or another portion of the body, and generate friction by moving one or the other while they are in sustained contact. Rubbing commonly is a component of integumentary care. Excessive rubbing may also occur in association with skin disease. In some circumstances, rubbing may become stereotyped and thereafter may lead to damage of the integument (e.g., tail-rubbing of horses). R15715. |
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RUBBER, BODY - See Body Rubber. R15716. |
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RUBBING - See Chin Pressing and specific rubbing - HOOF; TAlL. R15717. |
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RUFFLING (chicken) - A postural display characterized by ruffled feathers, extended neck, and a short period of intense shaking of the whole body. Ruffling is considered to be a comfort movement R15718. |
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RUNNING - Relatively fast locomotion of an organism on the ground in which propulsive force derives from the action of legs. R15804. |
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RUNNING HORSE - A thoroughbred horse. R15805. |
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RUNNING WALK (horse) - An artificially attained fast four-beat gait. The legs leave the ground at different times, and the cadence of all four beats should be even in the sequence, left hind, left fore, right hind, right fore (the running walk differs from the rack in lower action of all legs). R15806. |
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