Sensing, Data Analytics, and Connected Vehicle & Infrastructure
Publications on roadside sensing, connected systems, and multimodal transportation data intelligence.
Research & Publications
Advancing transportation science through sensing, modeling, operations, and safety.
Research Focus
Our research group advances transportation science through data-driven discovery, connected systems, and intelligent infrastructure. Explore our publications across four major areas to learn how sensing, modeling, operations, and safety shape the future of mobility.
Traffic Operation, Control and Management
Work covering signal control, transit operations, parking systems, and network management strategies.
Transportation System Modeling
Research on forecasting, simulation, optimization, and system-level transport modeling frameworks.
Traffic and Highway Safety
Studies focused on proactive safety analysis, crash severity factors, and risk reduction methods.
Sensing, Data Analytics, and Connected Vehicle & Infrastructure
- Wang. Y., B. Gong, C. Lin, and H. Liu (2025). “Traffic Noise Evaluation at Intersection Using Roadside Light Detection and Ranging Sensor.” Transportation Research, Part D: Transport and Environment. [View]
- Gong. B, Y. Wang, C. Lin, and H. Liu (2025). “Roadside LiDAR-Camera Fusion Detection Based on Spatiotemporal Calibration.” IEEE Sensors. [View]
- Zhang, Y., S. Zhang, Q. Luo, S. Xie, and H. Liu (2025). “Anchor-free Real-time Vehicle Tracking Using LiDAR Data.” PLOS ONE. [View]
- Lin, C., Y. Wang, B. Gong, H. Liu, and H. Liu (2025). “Roadside LiDAR Deployment Optimization for Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperative Perception in Urban Occlusion Environments.” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation & Measurement. [View]
- Gong, B., J. Sun, C. Lin, and H. Liu (2025). “Space Occupancy Rectangle-based Multivehicle Localization and Tracking Using Roadside 4D Millimeter-wave Radar. Measurement. [View]
- Luo, Q., Z. Xu, Y. Zhang, M. Igene, T. Bataineh, M. Soltanirad, K. Jimee, and H. Liu (2025). “Vehicle Trajectory Repair Under Occlusion and Limited Datapoints with Roadside LiDAR.” Sensors. [View]
- Lin, C, B. Gong , Yu, J., and H. Liu (2025). “Point Cloud Instance Segmentation and Classification for Roadside LiDAR.” IEEE Sensors. [View]
- Lin, C., W. Sun, G. Sun, B. Gong, and H. Liu (2025). “Onboard LiDAR-Camera Deployment Optimization for Pavement Marking Distress Fusion Detection.” Sensors. [View]
- Gong, B., B. Zhao, Y. Wang, C. Lin, and H. Liu (2025). “Vehicle Trajectory Extraction with Interacting Multiple Model for Low-channel Roadside LiDAR.” Expert Systems with Applications. [View]
- Lin, C., S. Deng, B. Gong, and H. Liu. (2024). “Vehicle Reference-Based Point Cloud Registration for Low-Channel Roadside LiDARs.” IEEE Sensors. [View]
- Gong, B., J. Sun, C. Lin, H. Liu, and G. Sun (2024). “Louvain-based Traffic Object Detection for Roadside 4D Millimeter-Wave Radar.” Remote Sensing. [View]
- Xie, C., C. Lin, X. Zheng, B. Gong, and H. Liu (2024), “Dense Sequential Fusion: Point Cloud Enhancement using Foreground Mask Guidance for Multimodal 3D Object Detection.” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation & Measurement. [View]
- Zhao, J., H. Xu, Z. Chen, and H. Liu (2023). “Accurate Detection of Vehicle, Pedestrian, Cyclist and Wheelchair from Roadside Lidar Sensors.” Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems: Technology, Planning, and Operations. [View]
- Lin, C., J. Yang, B. Gong, H. Liu, and G. Sun (2023). “Grid and Homogeneity-based Ground Segmentation Using Light Detection and Ranging Three-dimensional Point Cloud.” J. Appl. Remote Sens.. [View]
- Chen, Z., J. Zhao, H. Xu and H. Liu (2023). “A Novel Background Filtering Method with Automatic Parameter Adjustment for Real-Time Roadside LiDAR Sensing System.” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation & Measurement. [View]
- Lin, C., Y. Wang, B. Gong, and H. Liu (2023). “Vehicle Detection and Tracking using Low-channel Roadside LiDAR.” Measurement. [View]
- Liu, H., C. Lin, B. Gong, and H. Liu (2023). “Lane-level and full-Cycle Multi-Vehicle Tracking Using Low-channel Roadside LiDAR.” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation & Measurement. [View]
- Lin, C., S. Zhang, G. Gong, H. Liu and G. Sun (2023). “Identification and Tracking of Takeout Delivery Motorcycles using Low-channel Roadside LiDAR.” IEEE Sensors. [View]
- Gong, G, B. Zhao, Y. Wang, C. Lin, and H. Liu (2023). “Lane Marking Detection Using Low-Channel Roadside LiDAR.” IEEE Sensors. [View]
- Zhang, Q., N. Bhattarai, H. Chen, H. Xu, and H. Liu (2023). “An Effective Method of Vehicle Trajectory Tracking using Adaptive Kalman Filter from Roadside LiDAR.” ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems. [View]
- Zhao, J., H. Xu, Z. Chen, and H. Liu (2023). “A Decoding-based Method for Fast Background Filtering of Roadside LiDAR data.” Advanced Engineering Informatics. [View]
- Zhang, Y., N. Bhattarai, J. Zhao, H. Liu and H. Xu (2022). “An Unsupervised Clustering Method for Processing Roadside LiDAR Data with Improved Computational Efficiency.” IEEE Sensors. [View]
- Chen, Z., H. Xu, J. Zhao, and H. Liu (2022). “Fast Spherical Projection Based Point Cloud Clustering Algorithm.” Transportation Research Record. 2676(6). [View]
- Zhao, J., H. Xu, Y. Zhang, Y., V. Shankar, H. Liu (2022). “Automatic Identification of Vehicle Partial Occlusion in Data Collected by Roadside LiDAR Sensors.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Zhao, J., H. Xu, and H. Liu (2019). “Probabilistic Prediction of Pedestrian Crossing Intention Using Roadside LiDAR Data.” IEEE Access. [View]
- Zhao, J., H. Xu, H. Liu, J. Wu, Y. Zheng, and D. Wu (2019). “Detection and Tracking of Pedestrians and Vehicles using Roadside LiDAR Sensors.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. [View]
- Zhao, J., H. Xu, J. Wu, Y. Zheng, and H. Liu (2019). “Trajectory Tracking and Prediction of Pedestrian’s Crossing Intention using Roadside LiDAR.” IET Intelligent Transportation Systems. [View]
- Lin, W., H. Liu, and H.K. Lo (2016). “Editorial: Big Data for Driver, Vehicle, and System Control in ITS.” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. [View]
- Quddus, M.A., O. Washington, and H. Liu (2010). “Editorial: Special Issue on Intelligent Vehicle Navigation (2).” Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems. [View]
- Quddus, M.A., O. Washington, and H. Liu (2008). “Editorial: Special Issue on Intelligent Vehicle Navigation.” Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems. [View]
- Liu, H., H. Xu*, and Y. Bao (2008). “A Virtual Differential Map-matching Algorithm with Improved Accuracy and Computational Efficiency.” Journal of Navigation. [View]
Traffic Operation, Control and Management
- Lin, C., G. Sun, B. Gong, H. Liu, and H. Liu (2025). “Pavement Marking Worn Identification and Classification Using Low-Channel LiDAR.” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation & Measurement. [View]
- Chen, Z., H. Xu, J. Zhao, and H. Liu (2023). “Curbside Parking monitoring with Roadside LiDAR.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Zhao, J., H. Xu, Y. Tian, and H. Liu (2022). “Towards Application of LiDAR Sensor to Traffic Detection: An Investigation of Its Built-in Features and Installation Techniques.” Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems. [View]
- Zhao, J., H. Xu, Y. Zhang, Y. Tian, and H. Liu (2021). “Traffic Volume Detection Using Infrastructure-based LiDAR under Different Level of Service Conditions.” ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems. [View]
- Zhang, Q., H. Chen, H. Liu et al. (2020). “Origin-Destination Based Travel Time Reliability under Different Rainfall Intensity: An Investigation Using Open Source Data.” Journal of Advanced Transportation. [View]
- Duan, M., D. Wu, and H. Liu (2020). “Bi-level Programming Model for Resource-Shared Parking Lots Allocation.” Transportation Letters. [View]
- Wei, D., W. Kumfer, and H. Liu (2018). “Traffic Queuing at Unsignalized Crosswalks with Probabilistic Priority.” Transportation Letters. [View]
- Wu, D., J. Zhao, and H. Liu (2017). “The Assessment of Damage to Texas Highways Due to Oversize and Overweight Loads Considering Climatic Factors.” International Journal of Pavement Engineering. [View]
- Pang, B., H. Xu, and H. Liu (2016). “Calculating the Approach Capacity of Diverging Diamond Interchanges with Consideration of Internal Queue Spillback.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Wei, D., H. Xu, W. Kumfer, H. Liu, and Z. Wang (2015). “Vehicular traffic capacity at unsignalized crosswalks with probabilistic yielding behavior.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Wei, D., H. Liu, and Z. Tian (2015). “Vehicle Delay Estimation at Unsignalized Pedestrian Crosswalks with Probabilistic Yielding Behavior.” Transpormetrica A: Transport Science. [View]
- Xu, H., H. Liu, H. Fernando, and S. Senadheera (2013). “Volume-to-Capacity Estimation of Signalized Road Networks for Metropolitan Transportation Planning.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Chen, S., H. Liu, and H. Xu (2013). “Timing Oversaturated Signals: What Can We Learn from Classic and State-of-the-art Signal Control Models.” Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology. [View]
- Xu, H. and H. Liu (2013). “Optimize Evacuation Route Considering Operational Cost as a Constraint.” International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology. [View]
- Lu, G., and H. Liu (2012). “Ramp Metering.” In Transportation Research Circular: Artificial Intelligence Applications to Critical Transportation Issues.
- Feng, Z-X., H-Z., Yuan, J. Liu, W-H. Zhang, H. Liu (2012). “Influence of Driver Personal Characteristics on Vehicle Velocity.” Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering.
- Eugene, D. H., H. Liu, and R.B. Machemehl (2011). “Feasibility of Converting Two Way Left Turn Lane into Bus Rapid Transit Lane.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Xu, H., H. Liu, and Z. Tian (2011). “Control Delay at Diverging Diamond Interchanges.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Xu, H., H. Liu, and Z. Tian (2010). “Control Delay at Signalized Interchanges Considering Internal Queue Spillback.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Tian, Z., M. Varun, and H. Liu. (2008). “Effectiveness of Lead-lag Phasing on Progression Bandwidth.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Sun, L., J. Rong, L. Yao, H. Xu, and H. Liu (2011). “Entropy-based Estimation of Transfers in a Terminal.” Transportation Planning and Technology. [View]
- Tian Z., M. Kyte, and H. Liu (2009). “Vehicle Tracking and Speed Measurement at Signalized Intersections Using Video-Image Systems.” ITE Journal.
- Luis, G., R. L. Cheu, R. L. Machemehl, and H. Liu (2009). “Bus Rapid Transit Features and Deployment Phases for U.S. Cities.” Journal of Public Transportation. [View]
- Wei, H., T. Xu, and H. Liu (2009). “Route-Choice Models Reflecting the Use of Travel Navigation Information in a Vehicle-Based Microscopic Simulation System.” International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems. [View]
- Liu, H., K. N. Balke, and W. Lin (2008). “A Reverse Causal-effect Modeling Approach for Real Time Signal Control of An Oversaturated Intersection.” Transportation Research, Part C. [View]
- Tan, C-W, M., Li, S. Park, H. Liu, P. Lau, and Q. Xu (2008). “A Supply-demand Model for Communication of Transit Signal Priority Requests.” International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems. [View]
- J. Zhang, D. Cheng, and H. Liu (2008). “Analytical Approach to Evaluating Transit Signal Priority.” Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology. [View]
- Tan, C-W, S. Park, H. Liu, Q. Xu, and P. Lau (2008). “Prediction of Transit Vehicle Arrival Time for Signal Priority Control: Algorithm and Performance.” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. [View]
- Cheng, D., Z. Tian, and H. Liu (2008). “Implementing Actuated Signal Controlled Intersection Capacity Analysis with Pedestrians.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Liu, H., W. Lin, and C-W. Tan (2007). “Operational Strategy for Advanced Vehicle Location Based Transit Signal Priority.” ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering. [View]
- Liu, H., A. Skabardonis, and M. Li (2006). “Simulation of Transit Signal Priority Using the NTCIP Architecture.” Journal of Public Transportation. [View]
- Liu, H., A. Skabardonis, and M. Li (2004). “Optimal Location of Detectors for Bus Signal Priority.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
Transportation System Modeling
- Wang, Y. C. Lin, B. Zhao, B. Gong, and H. Liu (2024). “Trajectory-based Vehicle Emission Evaluation for Signalized Intersection Using Roadside LiDAR Data.” Journal of Cleaner Production. [View]
- Wu, D., W. Kumfer, H. Liu, and C. Yuan (2017). “A Life-cycle Optimization Model Using Semi-Markov Deterioration Process for Highway Bridge Maintenance.” Applied Mathematical Modeling. [View]
- Wu, D., C. Yuan, and H. Liu (2017). “A Risk-based Optimization for Pavement Preventative Maintenance with Probabilistic LCCA: A China Case.” International Journal of Pavement Engineering. [View]
- Wei, D., H. Liu, and Y. Qin (2015). “Modeling Cascade Dynamics of Railway Network under Inclement Weather.”Transportation Research, Part E: Logistics and Review. [View]
- Wei, D., and H. Liu (2013). “Analysis of Asymmetric Driving Behavior Using a Self-learning Approach.” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological. [View]
- Xu, H., H. Liu and H. Gong (2013). “Modeling the Asymmetry in Traffic Flow (a): Microscopic Approach.” Applied Mathematical Modeling. [View]
- Liu, H., H. Xu, and H. Gong (2013). “Modeling the Asymmetry in Traffic Flow (b): Macroscopic Approach.” Applied Mathematical Modeling. [View]
- Wei, D. and H. Liu (2013). “An Adaptive-Margin Support Vector Regression for Short-Term Traffic Flow Forecast.” Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems. [View]
- Lin, W. and H. Liu (2010) “Enhancing Realism in Modeling Merge Junctions in Models for System Optimal Dynamic Traffic Assignment.” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. [View]
- Gong, H., H. Liu, and B. H. Wang (2007). “An Asymmetric Full Velocity Difference Car-following Model.” Physica A: Mathematical and Theoretical. [View]
- Li, L., W. Lin, and H. Liu (2006). “A Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Approach for Short-term Traffic Forecasting.” IET Intelligent Transport Systems. [View]
- Wu. D, C. Yuan, and H. Liu (2018). “The Decoupling States of CO2 Emissions in the Chinese Transport Sector from 1994 to 2012: A Perspective on Fuel Types”. Energy and Environment. [View]
- Wei, D., C. Yuan, H. Liu, D. Wu, and W. J. Kumfer (2017). “The Impact of Service Refusal to the Supply-Demand Equilibrium in the Taxicab Market.” Networks and Spatial Economics. [View]
- Yuan, C., D. Wu, and H. Liu (2017). “Using Grey Relational Analysis to Evaluate Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Growth Patterns in China’s Provincial Transportation Sectors.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. [View]
- Yuan, C., D. Wu, D. Wei, and H. Liu (2017). “Modeling and Analyzing Taxi Congestion Premium in Congested Cities.” Journal of Advanced Transportation. [View]
- Xu, H., and H. Liu (2010). “Development and Application of a Kalman Filter and GPS Error Correction Approach for Improved Map-matching.” Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems. [View]
Traffic and Highway Safety
- Bhattarai, N., C. Lin., Y. Zhang, and H. Liu (2025). “In-depth Investigation of Contributing Factors of Fatal/Severe-injury Crashes at Highway Merging Areas Using Machine Learning Classification Methods.” Forthcoming in Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering[View]
- Bataineh, T., N. Bhattarai, K. Jimee, Y. Zhang, J. Zhao, and H. Liu (2025). “Evaluating Driving Behavior and Intersection Safety Using Roadside LiDAR: A Study of Safety Indicators Across Collision Metrics.” Forthcoming in Journal of Transportation Safety & Security. [View]
- Lin, C, Y. Wang, B. Gong, H. Liu, and H. Liu (2025). “Roadside-Onboard Point Cloud Registration for Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperation Perception in Traffic Collision Zones.” IEEE Sensors. [View]
- Lin, C., S. Zhang, B. Gong, and H. Liu (2024). “Near-crash risk identification and evaluation for takeout delivery motorcycles using roadside LiDAR.” Accident Analysis & Prevention. [View]
- Igene, M., Q. Luo, K. Jimee, M. Soltanirad, T. Bataineh, and H. Liu (2024). “Integrating LiDAR sensor data into microscopic model calibration for proactive safety analysis.” Sensors. [View]
- Bhattarai, N., Y. Zhang, H. Liu, Y. Pakzad, H. Xu (2024). “Proactive Safety Analysis using Roadside LiDAR based Vehicle Trajectory Data: A Study on Rear-end Crashes.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Bhattarai, N., Y. Zhang, H. Xu, and H. Liu (2023). “Crash Frequency Prediction Based on Extreme Value Theory using Roadside Lidar-based Vehicle Trajectory Data.” Accident Analysis and Prevention. [View]
- Lin, C., D. Wu, H. Liu, X. Xia, and N. Bhattarai (2020). “Factor Identification and Prediction for Teen Driver Crash Severity Using Machine Learning: A Case Study.” Applied Science. [View]
- Kumfer, W.J., H. Liu, D. Wu, D. Wei, and S. Sama (2017). “Development of a Supplementary Driver Education Tool for Teenage Drivers on Rural Roads.” Safety Science. [View]
- Kumfer, W.J., D. Wei, and H. Liu (2015). “Investigating the Effects of Demographic and Driver Factors on Single-Vehicle and Multi-Vehicle Fatal Crashes Using Multinomial Logistic Regression.” Transportation Research Record. [View]
- Feng, Z., Y. Lei, H. Liu, W, Kumfer, W. Zhang, K. Wang, and S. Liu (2016). “Driving Anger in China: A Case Study on the Professional Drivers Group.” Transportation Research, Part F. [View]
- Chen, S., H. Liu, and D. H. Jeryl (2009). “Surrogate Safety Assessment for A Tight Urban Diamond Interchange Using Micro-simulation.” Advances in Transportation Studies.
TransTech Lab
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Address
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409 -
Email
hongchao.liu@ttu.edu