Narrative example:

After 3 years of research, Rociano (2016) determined the base was ineffective in multiple settings (p. 65).

Parenthetical example:

The base was used in multiple experiments during a 3-year period, but it proved to be ineffective (Rociano, 2016, p. 65).

If there is no page number, leave it out.

For narrative citations, separate the authors' last names with the word "and." For parenthetical citations, separate the authors' last names with the & symbol.

Narrative example:

Yaiba and Gotouge (2022) found several examples of cooperation in the original texts (pp. 382-393).

Parenthetical example:

Most of the examples were included in the study (Yaiba & Gotouge, 2022, p. 382).

If there are three or more authors, you only list the first author's last name in text, followed by the Latin abbreviation et al. and the publication year.

Narrative example:

Additionally, Matanza et al. (1975) were the first to report the effects of porous materials added to volleyball court flooring (p. 3).

Parenthetical example:

The new material added buoyancy to the floor and decreased player injuries (Matanza et al., 1975, p. 3).

If an author has a hyphenated last name or two last names, include them both in the in-text citations.

Narrative example:

D. R. Torres-Beale (2021) found instability in building foundations often resulted from inferior aggregates in the cement.

Parenthetical example:

School nurses often leave their jobs after 4 years due to confusing guidelines from school districts (Harent Gallagher, S., 2018).

If an author has an abbreviation (e.g., St. James) or particle (e.g., de la, von) in their name, include it in the in-text citations. Leave out suffixes such as Jr. or VIII.

Narrative example:

The parameters, as set by H. von Schmidt Schwarzt (1972), require 5 days for incubation (p. 12).

Parenthetical example:

If the parameters are not followed, the results cannot be compared to the standard markers (von Schmidt Schwarzt, 1972, p. 102).

A business, university, or government agency can produce documents. If they have a common acronym, spell out their name the first time and use the acronym for subsequent references.

Narrative example:

Texas Tech University (TTU) (2007) increased student retention through two key initiatives (p. 2).

Parenthetical example:

The initiatives encouraged students to use the many resources available to them (TTU, 2007, p. 3).

Narrative example:

MagneBlock Inc. (2019) created the first toy building block that uses electromagnetic forces to hold the blocks together.

Parenthetical example:

Without increasing user difficulty, the blocks hold designs together even when met with greater forces (MagneBlock Inc., 2019, p. 5).

For webpages without a specified author, some historical documents, or other artifacts that do not have an author, use the first couple of words in place of the author's name.

Narrative citations are not recommended when there is no author. Rewrite to use the parenthetical format instead.

Parenthetical example:

The UWC had a waiting list ("Frequently asked questions," n.d.).

Sometimes you find good information from an author who is quoting someone else. Ideally, you will find the original source and cite it yourself. When that is not possible, you can cite the secondary author without a publication year in the text and the primary author, for whom you have the source, parenthetically.

Example:

Linn said, "Without the fine arts program, half of the kids would have dropped out of school," (as cited in Richards, 1999, p. 331).

Instead of referencing a page number, include a time stamp with an Hour:Minute:Second format, as needed.

Narrative example:

Becks (2020) explained, "No time might ever be exactly right, you just have do your best in any moment" (1:00:13).

Parenthetical example:

Being prepared for any situation is always beneficial (Becks, 2020, 27:30).

Academic sources have a publication date. Other sources, like webpages, often do not. Use n.d. (i.e., no date) in place of the year.

Narrative example:

The UWC (n.d.) waiting list is built into the schedule.

Parenthetical example:

Appointments are available every day of the week except Saturday (UWC, n.d.).

If you have multiple sources stating the same general idea, you can put them all in the same in-text citation. List the authors alphabetically and separated by semicolons.

Parenthetical example:

This is a consistent problem in the field (Alle et al., 2019; Riley, 1999; Taylor & Gold, 2022).

For online sources with no page numbers, use paragraph numbers. COUNT paragraphs if they are not numbered.

Author. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), page numbers. doi/URL

• Chapter titles, lecture titles, episode titles, etc., are not italicized. Titles of books, journals, magazines, websites, etc., are italicized.
• For Chapter titles and Book titles, only the First word and Proper Names are capitalized. Journal Titles capitalize all IMPORTANT words (such as nouns, verbs, and words more than 4 letters long).
• There is NO SPACE between the volume and issue numbers for journals. The volume number is italicized; the issue number is not [e.g., 11(4)].
• There is NO punctuation at the end of the doi or URL.

• Authors are listed alphabetically by last name and first initial(s) only, not full first names (e.g., Clay, R.).
• If an author has a first and middle initial, put a space between the letters (e.g., Clay, R. D.).
• If an author has a hyphenated last name or two last names, spell them both out (e.g., Torres-Beale, D. R.; Harent Gallagher, S.)
• If an author has a last name with a particle (e.g., de, van, von), leave it lower case and alphabetize the author by the particle (e.g., von Schmidt Schwarzt, H. would be alphabetized as a "V" name and not an "S" name).

Use the & sign instead of and, for multiple authors with a comma before the & (e.g., Clay, R., & Lopez, E.). In the References, for sources with more than 20, list the first 19 authors by name, then insert an ellipses (...), followed by the final author, for a total of 20 authors. List them in the same order as the original source.

The APA 7th edition does not require the words “Retrieved (insert date) from (insert URL),” unless citing a webpage that is occasionally updated, making the date retrieved important. Defer to your instructor's preferences.

Example:

Undergraduate Writing Center. (n.d.). Hours and locations. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://www.depts.ttu.edu/provost/uwc/undergraduate/Hours_Location.php