Footnotes have the same order as the bibliography (author, title, facts of publication) except:

• commas instead of periods to separate information
• standard indention instead of hanging indention
• author's first name is first
• colon precedes page numbers for journal citations
• publication facts are enclosed in parentheses
• order is based on when they come on the page, not alphabetically
• the first line is indented half an inch, rather than in hanging indent

If you have footnotes on multiple pages, the footnote numbers continue throughout the paper; they do not reset to 1 on each page.

First Reference:

          1. Jon Krakauer, Into the Wild (New York: Anchor Books, 1997), 84-85.

Second Refrence:

          2. Krakauer, Into the Wild, 23.

First Reference:

          1. Pablo Rio, Amy Black, and Ollie Tru, Lies (Chicago: Arty Books), 301.

Second Reference:

          2. Rio, Black, and Tru, Lies, 117.

First Reference:

          1. Regina M. Schwartz, "Nationals and Nationalism: Adultery in the House of David," Critical Inquiry 19, no. 1 (1992): 131-32. https://doi.org/12.532343/5334.

Second Refrence:

          2. Schwartz, "Nationals and Nationalism," 131.

First Reference:

          1. Felisha Dressher et al., "Will It Float: Buoyancy in Today's Market," JMPQ 12, no. 4 (Fall 2020): 532. https://www.jmpq.au/23.

Second Refrence:

          2. Dressher et al., "Will It Float."

First Reference:

          1. Trey Aronson, "Why Psychology Matters Today" (lecture presented at PSYCH 2100, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, September 2019).

Second Refrence:

          1. Aronson, "Why Psychology Matters."

After a source is cited for the first time, a shortened or abbreviated version is used for the rest of the times it is cited.

Use of shortened citation instead of ibid. is now recommended by the Chicago manual (Chicago p. 759). However, defer to your instructor's preference. If it is not stated in the assignment or in class, ask your instructor for clarification.

NOTE: If you have footnotes on multiple pages, the footnote numbers continue throughout the paper; they do not reset to 1 on each page.

1. William Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom! (New York: Vintage International, 1990), 127.
2. Faulkner, Absalom, 15.
3. Faulkner, Absalom, 270.
4. Robin Freed and Karen Rossi, "Unreliable Narrators for the Loss," Narrations 7, no. 7 (2015): 26.
5. Freed and Rossi, "Unreliable Narrators," 98.
6. Faulkner, Absalom, 36-40.
7. William Faulkner, As I Lay Dying (New York: Vintage International, 1990), 152.
8. Faulkner, As I Lay Dying, 66-67.
9. Faulkner, Absalom, 40.
10. Freed and Rossi, "Unreliable Narrators," 118-22.
11. Freed and Rossi, "Unreliable Narrators," 117.

1. William Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom! (New York: Vintage International, 1990), 127.
2. Ibid., 15.
3. Ibid., 270.
4. Robin Freed and Karen Rossi, "Unreliable Narrators for the Loss," Narrations 7, no. 7 (2015): 26.
5. Ibid., 98.
6. Faulkner, Absalom, 36-40.
7. William Faulkner, As I Lay Dying (New York: Vintage International, 1990), 152.
8. Ibid., 66-67.
9. Faulkner, Absalom, 40.
10. Freed and Rossi, "Unreliable Narrators," 118-22.
11. Ibid., 117.

Book:

Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title. City Where Published: Publisher, Year.

Journal:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of article." Title of Periodical volume number, no. issue number (Date): page numbers. doi/URL.

• Titles of books, journals, magazines, websites, etc., are italicized. Chapter titles, lecture titles, episode titles, etc., are not italicized but are enclosed in quotation marks.
• The volume number comes immediately after the Journal Title with no punctuation nor identifier. The issue number is preceded by no. (Example: Ethics 125, no. 2)
• If there is more than one author, only the first one is listed in reverse order. All subsequent authors will be listed First Name Last Name.

Parenthetical citations come at the end of the sentence, but before the final punctuation mark. They include the last name of the author(s), the publication year, and a page number when available. Note: There is no comma between the author's name and the publication year, but there is a comma separating the year and the page number(s).

Examples:

The primary texts have similar writing styles but have stark incongruencies regarding primary facts (McMadden and Douglas 2019, 45). These inconsistencies led some to challenge the validity of the Green Papers as a true primary source (Davies et al. 2015, 7-10).

If the source (usually a website) has no clear date of publication, use the abbreviation n.d. In this case, include a comma between the author name and n.d.

Example:

(Undergraduate Writing Center, n.d.)

Instead of Bibliography, use the title References at the top of your reference list.
The other main difference is the publication year comes immediately after the author name(s) instead of with the publication details.

Example:

Unger, Roberto Mangabeira, and Lee Smolin. 2014. The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time A Proposal in Natural Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

If the reference is for a newspaper article or a similar publication with a day and month, only include the year after the author name but include all three with the publication information.
Example:

Corrazzo, Jo. 2008. "Grass Is Not the Starting Place for Greener Homes." EnviroBuild, May 8, 2008, 17-19.

For a website that might change its content, add "accessed" and the date.

CivicPlus Content Mangement System. n.d. City of Ithaca, New York (website). Accessed June 19, 2023. http://www.....org/.