Texas Tech University

Course Descriptions

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Year 1 | Semester 1

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DVM 5120 Integrated Clinical Reasoning 1 (1 credit, 0 hour lecture, 0 hours lab, 2 hours active learning). This course is designed to develop and refine students' clinical reasoning skills through structured, hands-on learning. Students will be presented with a variety of clinical cases and problem sets, simulating real-world veterinary practice. These cases will be correlated with foundational course curriculum to ensure timely utilization and experiential learning resulting in horizontal integration. With guided facilitation, they will work through each case, identifying and organizing the history, presentation, and physical exam findings. The students will then begin to recognize and prioritize problems, develop differential diagnoses, and formulate rudimentary medical or surgical management plans. The course emphasizes the importance of repetition and practice in mastering clinical reasoning. By actively engaging in case management, students will learn to efficiently gather relevant information, prioritize clinical issues, and apply critical thinking to make informed decisions. The course aims to prepare students for the complexities of clinical practice, ensuring they become proficient in conducting thorough and effective case management.  

DVM 5190 Introduction to Research and Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine (1 hour, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This course will introduce concepts critical to successful fundamental and applied research, e.g., biomedical, population health, and clinical research, and provide examples of how research helps veterinary practitioners in evidence-based decision-making. Students will be introduced to evidence-based veterinary medicine, including how the merits of research and the philosophy and methods of science are used in clinical decision-making. Furthermore, students will be exposed to information resources and concepts of literature searches. Also, ethical considerations of animal use in research, academia, and industry will be presented. The course will be taught through lectures and active learning which will promote students’ capacity to evaluate and synthesize literature to achieve a meaningful conclusion relevant to veterinary medicine and the pursuit of new knowledge.

DVM 5200 Introduction to Animal Care & Industries (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course introduces students to animal industries associated with major domestic species and to the stakeholders that are served by the profession through these industries. It also provides an introduction to medical terminology and the common vocabulary related to animal industries. The role of the profession in animal health and welfare, in supporting animal industries, and in protecting human and environmental health will be explored. Students will explore how people associate with animals, the challenges that arise from these associations, and the roles that veterinarians play in these contexts.

DVM 5210 Clinical and Professional Skills 1 (2 credits, 1 hour lecture, 7 hours lab1). Through a series of clinical and communication skills experiences, students will become competent in individual and herd physical examinations and history taking. In addition, they will gain experience in diagnostic procedures and introductory ruminant handling and develop introductory skill sets in clinical intervention and patient management. Students will be introduced to basic communication skills following the Calgary Cambridge Guide and its importance in veterinary medicine, especially in relationship-centered medicine, history taking, team building, cultural awareness, and humanistic skills. Students will demonstrate development in communication, leadership, and professional skills related to the profession. Students will also be exposed to histopathological samples to align with gross anatomy and physiology.

DVM 5240 The Profession and Professionalism (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course introduces students to the concept of a profession, what it means to be a professional, and the career pathways available in veterinary medicine. The principles of professionalism, including relevant jurisprudence, self-regulation, ethics, and life-long learning will be introduced. The principles of clients, stakeholders, and community, and the importance of their relationships, will be discussed. The concepts of the healthy veterinarian and self-management are explored, including professional renewal and self-care, financial management, pursuing and meeting professional goals, focusing on career, and growing and developing in a changing environment.

DVM 5251 Immunology (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course presents an introduction to veterinary immunology including mechanisms of resistance of infectious pathogens and tissue injury caused by the immune system. Also, this course will cover topics on mucosal immunity, hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases.

DVM 5271 Virology (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Students will learn the principles of viruses and prions of veterinary medical importance to animal and public health, including molecular, cellular, and organismal effects on the host that lead to diseases. Viral diseases relevant to North America and important foreign animal diseases will be explored. Students will be introduced to diagnostic and management strategies relevant to common viral diseases.

DVM 5281 Animal Behavior and Welfare (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Fundamental concepts pertaining to the behavior of the major domestic species and relevant wildlife will be covered. Emphasis will be placed on recognition of normal behavior and the effects of disruption of normal behavior on management. The effect of management practices on the welfare and behavior of domestic animals will be examined, as will domestic animal-human-wildlife interactions. Additionally, this course will cover the basic principles, history, and application of animal welfare science for multiple species. Students will learn to assess the welfare of animals in a variety of settings using science-based methods and reasoning. The objective of this course is to provide veterinary students with the background and application of animal welfare science, which will facilitate their ability to successfully engage in welfare deliberations as practitioners.

DVM 5330 Veterinary Physiology 1 (3 hour, 3 hour lecture). The fundamental and comparative physiological concepts for each body system from the cellular to whole animal organismal level across a wide variety of veterinary species will be presented in a didactic format. A deeper understanding of how these body systems work alone and together to achieve homeostasis is crucial for clinical management of various diseases that are frequently encountered in clinical practice. The course is organized by organ systems and in the first semester you will learn the physiology of the nervous system, body fluids, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, thermoregulation, and special senses. These systems and pertinent clinical material will be taught primarily in three lectures per week. Though there is no laboratory component, the physiological concepts will be reinforced through clinical examination of companion and farm animals in the clinical skills courses, and by appreciating the pathophysiology of various diseases in the clinical presentation courses. As such, this course will be horizontally and vertically integrated with other courses.

DVM 5430 Veterinary Anatomy 1 (4 credits, 4 hours lecture). A systemic and topographic study of macroscopic body structure is presented via lecture and laboratory, utilizing the dog as the primary model for the study of general mammalian form. The anatomical concepts learned herein apply to essentially all domestic mammals (as well as many exotic species) and will serve as the foundation from which the comparative anatomy of these species will be learned in subsequent courses. Since veterinarians are often expected to be able treat a wide variety of species, it is important that practitioners establish a solid anatomical foundation and be able to strategically adapt and apply this knowledge broadly. Didactic lectures often utilize a whiteboard application to help foster student engagement. A team approach is used for laboratory dissection. Clinical applications are incorporated throughout the course in accordance with the goal of contributing to the education of a general veterinary practitioner.

1 Clinical practicum and laboratory courses are assigned credit hours based on learning objectives rather than the standard contact hour requirements for lectures.

Year 1 | Semester 2

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DVM 5100 Diagnostic Imaging 1 (1 credits, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This course provides students the opportunity to learn the basic principles of diagnostic imaging and writing radiology reports using a case-based framework built on the premise that consistent practice over time with expert feedback leads to skill mastery. Students will develop reading paradigms for musculoskeletal, abdominal and thoracic films of both small and large animals using a systematic approach. Within the given reading paradigms, students will learn how to describe findings using Roentgen signs, draw conclusions and prioritize differential diagnoses based on findings and propose appropriate next steps given findings and conclusions. The knowledge and skills gained in this course can be used in daily general practice when diagnostic imaging is utilized in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment planning for both small and large animals. Through a combination of weekly cases on the RadiologyRules teaching platform which include a case pre-quiz, written radiology report and case post-quiz as well as a weekly rounds session to discuss the case, students will develop the knowledge and skills necessary to read and interpret diagnostic films covering the broad range of diseases seen in small animal and equine general practice.

DVM 5121 Integrated Clinical Reasoning 2 (1 credits, 0 hour lecture, 0 hours lab, 2 hours active learning). This course is designed to develop and refine students' clinical reasoning skills through structured, hands-on learning. Students will be presented with a variety of clinical cases and problem sets, simulating real-world veterinary practice. These cases will be correlated with foundational course curriculum to ensure timely utilization and experiential learning resulting in horizontal integration. With guided facilitation, they will work through each case, identifying and organizing the history, presentation, and physical exam findings. The students will then begin to recognize and prioritize problems, develop differential diagnoses, and formulate rudimentary medical or surgical management plans. By actively engaging in case management, students will learn to efficiently gather relevant information, prioritize clinical issues, and apply critical thinking to make informed decisions. The course aims to prepare students for the complexities of clinical practice, ensuring they become proficient in conducting thorough and effective case management.  

DVM 5211 Clinical and Professional Skills 2 (2 credits, 1 hour lecture, 7 hours lab). Through a series of clinical and communication skills experiences, students will become competent in individual and herd physical examinations and history taking. This course builds on skills from Clinical and Professional Skills 1, furthering surgical and diagnostic skills. In addition, students will gain experience in diagnostic procedures and patient management and develop introductory skills in clinical intervention and patient management. Students will build on skills relating to professional behavior and communication including marketing, social media, and telemedicine. Students will continue to review histopathological samples in alignment with gross anatomy and physiology.

DVM 5291 Principles of Surgery (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). A comprehensive introduction to general principles of veterinary surgery across species is covered in this course. Students will gain a foundation in the basic principles to provide a foundational knowledge and reasoning base that will support learning in the clinical presentation, clinical skills, and advanced medicine and surgery courses.

DVM 5331 Veterinary Physiology 2 (3 credits, 3 hours lecture). Physiology is that branch of life sciences that deals with understanding how organisms and their body parts function to achieve homeostasis. The overall goal of this course is to help you learn the fundamental and comparative physiological concepts for each body system from the cellular to whole animal organismal level across a wide variety of veterinary species. The course is organized by organ systems across two semesters. For the second semester you will learn the physiology of the renal system, gastrointestinal system, metabolism, endocrine and reproductive systems. The emphasis will be on formulating how, and why, a disturbance affecting one particular body system manifests in a certain manner. As such, this course will be horizontally and vertically integrated with other courses. Physiological concepts will be reinforced through clinical examination of companion and farm animals in the clinical skills courses, and by appreciating the pathophysiology of various diseases in the clinical presentation courses.

DVM 5341 Pathologic Basis of Disease (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course provides an introduction to the general processes underlying disease. Morphologic and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs as a result of internal and external stimuli are discussed. Students obtain a basic understanding of the development of lesions and the complex relationship between host, pathogen, and environment that leads to dysfunction and disease. The use of pathology as a diagnostic tool and the relationship between pathology and clinical medicine is introduced. Students are introduced to safe, systematic approaches to performing postmortem examinations. Students learn to recognize and describe common gross and microscopic lesions using appropriate medical and specifically pathological terminology. Note: laboratory experience for this subject will be included in the Clinical and Professional Skills 2 course.

DVM 5370 Microbiology (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course provides an overview of the bacterial and fungal classes important in animal health and disease and explore how virulence mechanisms lead to the spectrum of animal bacterial and fungal diseases and zoonotic diseases. The interaction of bacteria and fungi with the animal host, the environment and shared human hosts will be explored. Students will be introduced to diagnostic and management approaches relevant to common bacterial and fungal diseases.

DVM 5380 Parasitology (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). The students will learn the fundamentals of parasitology in animals of veterinary importance. Emphasis will be placed on the understanding of the epidemiology, host-parasite interaction, and clinical disease of North American parasites, particularly those in Texas and the surrounding regions. Attention will also be given to those that pose a zoonotic, biosafety, or security threat. Students will also learn diagnostic, management, and treatment practices in the different species of parasites and their hosts.

DVM 5431 Veterinary Anatomy 2 (4 credits, 4 hours lecture). A systemic and topographic study of macroscopic body structure is presented via lecture and laboratory, utilizing common domestic livestock species as representative models to illustrate important concepts and common sites of interspecies variation in comparative morphology. Since veterinarians are often expected to be able treat a wide variety of species, it is important that practitioners build upon a solid anatomical foundation and that they can strategically adapt and apply knowledge from representative species to a wide variety of patients. Didactic lectures often utilize a whiteboard application to help foster student engagement. A team approach is used for laboratory dissection. Clinical applications are incorporated throughout the course in accordance with the goal of contributing to the education of a general veterinary practitioner.

Year 2 | Semester 3

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Class of 2027

DVM 6271 Principles of Surgery (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). A comprehensive introduction to general principles of veterinary surgery across species is covered in this course. Students will gain a foundation in the basic principles to provide a foundational knowledge and reasoning base that will support learning in the clinical presentation, clinical skills, and advanced medicine and surgery courses.

DVM 6260 Animal Feeding and Nutrition (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Fundamental concepts pertaining to nutrition and metabolism of macronutrients and micronutrients and sources of nutrients and energy for production and companion animals. Key comparative differences in nutrition and metabolism between ruminants and herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous monogastrics will be highlighted. Core concepts pertaining to nutritional requirements, feeding regimes, and feed formulations will be discussed. Feeds and ingredients used in animal diets are examined and approaches to feeding animals are discussed. The basic principle of feeding to maintain health and production, determining nutritional content of feed and diet, and the challenges of feeding in the current social, political and environmental climates will be explored. Topics surrounding mainstream production animal systems, including beef, dairy, poultry, and swine, will be emphasized. Pet foods and feeding will also be explored.

DVM 6261 Principles of Anesthesia (2 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). A comprehensive introduction to general principles of veterinary anesthesiology across species. The course provides students with a foundation in the basic principles to provide a foundational knowledge and reasoning base that will support learning in the clinical presentation, clinical skills, and advanced medicine and surgery courses.

DVM 6310 Clinical and Professional Skills 3 (3 credits, 1 hour lecture, 7 hours lab). Building on Clinical and Professional Skills 1 and 2, students will continue to expand their clinical skills in clinical examination of relevant body systems, diagnostic procedures, surgical technique, case management, and disease prevention. Students will demonstrate continued development in communication skills including advanced history taking and introduction to explaining and planning.

DVM 6320 Integrated Clinical Reasoning 3 (3 credits, 0 hours lecture, 0 hours lab, 3 hours active learning). Integrated Clinical Reasoning 3 focuses on problem identification, diagnostic reasoning skills that work through defining and re-defining the problems, identification of affected body system(s) and type of lesions, and establishment and justification of differential diagnoses. Clinical reasoning skills will be continued with justification and rationalization of diagnostic test choice considering spectrum of care discussions. Diagnostic test interpretation will be continued, building on clinical pathology, systemic pathology and diagnostic imaging courses. This course is designed as a team-based learning course that is organized in a series of common presenting complaints. Individual and group readiness tests will reinforce basic science knowledge appropriate to the particular presenting complaint.

DVM 6340 Systemic Pathology (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Building upon the foundation of Pathologic Basis of Disease, this course uses a system and species-specific approach to review lesions of common dysfunctions and diseases. Pathogenesis, tissue sampling, sample submission, the value of ancillary diagnostic testing, and communicating post-mortem findings are emphasized. Students learn to formulate and understand all parts of a postmortem report.

DVM 6350 Clinical Pathology (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Students will develop a systematic approach to the evaluation and correct interpretation of routine clinical pathology tests (hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, cytology, endocrinology). Aided by an understanding of the significance of common changes and underlying physiological principles, student will learn to integrate laboratory results with the patient’s clinical presentation. Students will interpret routine lab tests and communicate those results, using appropriate language, and will begin to integrate lab tests appropriately into daily practice. As part of the Clinical and Professional skills courses students will perform basic in-house lab tests and microscopy, including leukocyte differentials, urine sediment examination, and basic cytology.

DVM 6380 Veterinary Pharmacology (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course provides the student with the knowledge and understanding required to use drugs effectively and safely in veterinary medicine. Students will be able to describe the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and clinical use of the major classes of drugs used in veterinary medicine. The information learned in this course will provide the foundational pharmacological knowledge that is the basis for discussions of therapeutic decision-making in future veterinary medicine coursework and in veterinary practice.

Class of 2028

DVM 6260 Animal Feeding and Nutrition (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Fundamental concepts pertaining to nutrition and metabolism of macronutrients and micronutrients and sources of nutrients and energy for production and companion animals. Key comparative differences in nutrition and metabolism between ruminants and herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous monogastrics will be highlighted. Core concepts pertaining to nutritional requirements, feeding regimes, and feed formulations will be discussed. Feeds and ingredients used in animal diets are examined and approaches to feeding animals are discussed. The basic principle of feeding to maintain health and production, determining nutritional content of feed and diet, and the challenges of feeding in the current social, political and environmental climates will be explored. Topics surrounding mainstream production animal systems, including beef, dairy, poultry, and swine, will be emphasized. Pet foods and feeding will also be explored.

DVM 6261 Principles of Anesthesia (2 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). A comprehensive introduction to general principles of veterinary anesthesiology across species. The course provides students with a foundation in the basic principles to provide a foundational knowledge and reasoning base that will support learning in the clinical presentation, clinical skills, and advanced medicine and surgery courses.

DVM 6285 Principles of Epidemiology (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Students will be introduced to the basic principles and methods used in veterinary epidemiology. These concepts include types of epidemiologic studies, measures of disease frequency and association, epidemic and infectious disease dynamics, disease causation, and the relationships between population and individual animal medicine, and basic statistical concepts applied to veterinary medicine. The course will provide foundational skills relevant to population health, which includes public health, health management, and clinical medicine.

DVM 6310 Clinical and Professional Skills 3 (3 credits, 1 hour lecture, 7 hours lab). Building on Clinical and Professional Skills 1 and 2, students will continue to expand their clinical skills in clinical examination of relevant body systems, diagnostic procedures, surgical technique, case management, and disease prevention. Students will demonstrate continued development in communication skills including advanced history taking and introduction to explaining and planning.

DVM 6320 Integrated Clinical Reasoning 3 (3 credits, 0 hours lecture, 0 hours lab, 3 hours active learning). Integrated Clinical Reasoning 3 focuses on problem identification, diagnostic reasoning skills that work through defining and re-defining the problems, identification of affected body system(s) and type of lesions, and establishment and justification of differential diagnoses. Clinical reasoning skills will be continued with justification and rationalization of diagnostic test choice considering spectrum of care discussions. Diagnostic test interpretation will be continued, building on clinical pathology, systemic pathology and diagnostic imaging courses. This course is designed as a team-based learning course that is organized in a series of common presenting complaints. Individual and group readiness tests will reinforce basic science knowledge appropriate to the particular presenting complaint.

DVM 6340 Systemic Pathology (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Building upon the foundation of Pathologic Basis of Disease, this course uses a system and species-specific approach to review lesions of common dysfunctions and diseases. Pathogenesis, tissue sampling, sample submission, the value of ancillary diagnostic testing, and communicating post-mortem findings are emphasized. Students learn to formulate and understand all parts of a postmortem report.

DVM 6350 Clinical Pathology (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Students will develop a systematic approach to the evaluation and correct interpretation of routine clinical pathology tests (hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, cytology, endocrinology). Aided by an understanding of the significance of common changes and underlying physiological principles, student will learn to integrate laboratory results with the patient’s clinical presentation. Students will interpret routine lab tests and communicate those results, using appropriate language, and will begin to integrate lab tests appropriately into daily practice. As part of the Clinical and Professional skills courses students will perform basic in-house lab tests and microscopy, including leukocyte differentials, urine sediment examination, and basic cytology.

DVM 6380 Veterinary Pharmacology (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course provides the student with the knowledge and understanding required to use drugs effectively and safely in veterinary medicine. Students will be able to describe the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and clinical use of the major classes of drugs used in veterinary medicine. The information learned in this course will provide the foundational pharmacological knowledge that is the basis for discussions of therapeutic decision-making in future veterinary medicine coursework and in veterinary practice.

Year 2 | Semester 4

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DVM 6100 Diagnostic Imaging 2 (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hour lab). This course provides for learning the intermediate principles of diagnostic imaging and writing radiology reports using a case-based framework built on the premise that consistent practice over time with expert feedback leads to skill mastery. Students will develop reading paradigms for musculoskeletal, abdominal and thoracic films of both small and large animals using a systematic approach. Within the given reading paradigms, students will learn how to evaluate study parameters, describe findings using Roentgen signs, draw conclusions and prioritize differential diagnoses based on findings and propose appropriate next steps given conclusions. The knowledge and skills gained in this course can be used in daily general practice when diagnostic imaging is utilized in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment planning for both small and large animals. Through a combination of weekly cases on the RadiologyRules teaching platform which include a case pre-quiz, written radiology report and case post-quiz as well as a weekly rounds session to discuss the case, students will develop the knowledge and skills necessary to read and interpret diagnostic films covering the broad range of diseases seen in small animal and equine general practice.

DVM 6170 Principles of One Health (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hour lab). Concepts of One Health, built on the foundation of biomedical research, zoonotic diseases, ecosystem health, and public health will be explored to understand how ecological, social, human-animal interactions, and pathological variables affect the health status of animal and human populations and the environment. The course will explore the collaboration and interaction between professional communities in the One Health paradigm and the impact of laws, policies, and management decisions on the health of animals, humans, and ecosystems. Effective tools to encourage inter-professional and inter-sectorial dialogue and collaboration will be discussed.

DVM 6181 Small Animal Preventive Health Care (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course will provide an overview for preventive care in small animal medicine. Topics discussed will include vaccinations and protocols, parasite control and prevention, wellness care including monitoring tests and dental care, and geriatric care. Also included will be discussion of Spectrum of Care and chronic illness management.

DVM 6291 Food Animal Medicine and Surgery 1 (2 credit, 2 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This course prepares the student for food animal practice by providing the foundational knowledge needed for diagnosing and treating the most common diseases and surgical conditions encountered in food animal and related species.

DVM 6231 Theriogenology 1 (2 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This course provides foundational knowledge and introduces estrous cycles, and breeding management of economically important livestock species, horses, and companion animals. Students will understand the economic implications of reproductive efficiency in various species.

DVM 6241 Public Health & Food Safety (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). The role of animals as sources of public health hazards and as sentinels for environmental health risk factors will be examined in this course. Students will apply systems thinking to identify how zoonotic diseases and food safety hazards emerge, spread and can be controlled. Public health methods and tools related to veterinary issues will be applied to identify options and methods for the prevention and control of hazards and reduction of health risks.

DVM 6281 Small Animal Medicine and Surgery 1 (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course prepares the student for small animal practice by providing the foundational knowledge needed for diagnosing and treating the most common diseases and surgical conditions encountered in cats, dogs, and common exotic animals. Principles of emergency medicine will be discussed.

DVM 6283 Veterinary Toxicology (2 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This course presents an introduction to veterinary toxicology including mechanisms of toxicity, detection, diagnosis, and management of specific classes of toxins and toxicants. In addition, this course will cover topics on toxicities of food producing animals as well as companion animals.

DVM 6301 Equine Medicine and Surgery 1 (3 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). Prepares the student for equine practice by providing the foundational knowledge needed for diagnosing and treating the most common diseases and surgical conditions encountered in horses and related species.

DVM 6311 Clinical and Professional Skills 4 (3 credits, 1 hour lecture, 7 hours lab). Building on Clinical and Professional Skills 1-3, students will continue to expand their skills in clinical examination of relevant body systems, diagnostic procedures, clinical interventions, surgery, anesthesia and case management. Students will demonstrate continued development in communication, advanced history taking, with emphasis on explanation and planning including diagnostic and treatment plans and discussing end of life discussions.

DVM 6321 Integrated Clinical Reasoning 4 (3 credits, 0 hours lecture, 0 hours lab, 3 hours active learning). Building on the knowledge and skills developed in earlier courses, Integrated Clinical Reasoning 4 focuses on problem identification, diagnostic reasoning skills that work through defining and re-defining the problems, identification of affected body system(s) and type of lesions, and establishment and justification of differential diagnoses. Students will continue to develop clinical reasoning skills with justification and rationalization of diagnostic test choice considering spectrum of care discussions. Students will utilize diagnostic test interpretation skills to formulate treatment recommendations.

Year 3 | Semester 5

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DVM 7113 African Wildlife Medicine (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This is a 1-hour elective course that is specifically designed for veterinary students that have interests in wildlife medicine and would like to implement that interest into their veterinary education and practice career. This course covers the fields of conservation, internal medicine, reproduction, regulatory requirements, surgery and preventative health care, and comprises approximately 6 hours of lectures, 6 hours of laboratories and a minimum of 12 hours of field activities. These numbers add up to 15 hours for 1 hour of course credit. While in South Africa, there will be a much larger amount of time available for practical hands-on experience with wild African animals. All students will participate in procedures including animal capture and restraint, anesthetic monitoring, anti-poaching measures, preventative health care measures, patient care, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, regulatory procedures, and field surgery.

DVM 7130 Theriogenology 2 (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This course provides foundational knowledge and develops clinical competence in managing the reproductive health of economically important livestock species, horses, and companion animals. Reproductive diseases and pathologies will be discussed. Students will integrate knowledge from various disciplines to diagnose and manage clinical issues pertaining to the reproductive health of animals on an individual-animal or herd basis.

DVM 7140 Business and Workforce Preparation (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This course introduces students to the personal and business financial skills necessary for a successful career. Models of business practice employed in veterinary medicine will be discussed. Strategies for successfully applying for employment, managing the challenges of entering the workforce, and the principles of clinic management will be discussed. The principles of self- management introduced in year one will be reviewed, particularly as they apply to the fourth year and first years after graduation.

DVM 7150 Small Animal Dentistry (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). The diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of dental diseases of the dog, cat, and exotic pets will be discussed. Students will draw upon foundational knowledge of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and radiology to integrate and apply the knowledge they gain in lecture to clinical situations they may encounter in general veterinary practice, and to prepare them for future clinical training.

DVM 7160 Anesthesia and Analgesia Applications (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). Introduces the student to the principals and practice of veterinary anesthesiology and analgesia in commonly encountered large, small, and exotic animal species. It will focus on local and general anesthesia for low risk animals, with an overall goal of reducing the risk of mortality. Students’ knowledge of analgesia and basic critical care will be enhanced.

DVM 7170 Small Ruminant (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). Building on the previous semesters, this course prepares the student for small ruminant practice by providing the supplementary knowledge and skills to be a successful small ruminant practitioner. A series of lectures and hands on laboratories will be combined to provide the most successful learning experience.

DVM 7174 Advanced Equine Imaging & Anesthesia (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This course will provide students with more in-depth understanding of equine imaging and equine anesthesia. Students will learn the principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and positive emission tomography (PET) scan. They will also develop skills to enable prepurchase radiographic examination and interpretation of radiographs as well as ultrasound of specific anatomy of the horse. The principles and technique of performing inhalant general anesthesia in the horse will be covered in the course. Through a combination of lectures, hands-on labs, and case studies, students will develop the skills necessary to perform and interpret imaging studies and safely anesthetize a horse and will learn how to collaborate with other veterinary professionals to share images and diagnostic reports.

DVM 7176 Comparing Pathology and Diagnostic Images (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This class is designed to provide students with an opportunity to review and contrast diagnostic images and lesions associated with pathology of domestic animals. The course builds upon foundational knowledge gained in previous courses, and covers topics such as gross pathology, histopathology, ultrasonography, radiography, MRI, and CT scans. Case studies, images, and diagnostic challenges are used to develop problem-solving and critical thinking skills. By the end of the course, students will acquire skills and knowledge that will improve their antemortem diagnostic abilities. This class is an excellent choice for those that would like to hone their diagnostic skills.

DVM 7178 Advanced Small Animal Imaging (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab).

This course is aimed at veterinary students who are interested in gaining advanced skills in Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging including Radiology and Ultrasound.

Part one of the course covers advanced principles and techniques of ultrasound imaging, including echocardiography, abdominal sonography, and Doppler imaging. Students will learn about interpreting ultrasound images, recognizing different tissue and organ structures, and identifying abnormalities. They will also gain practical experience in performing advanced ultrasound procedures and interpreting images using the latest ultrasound equipment.

Part two of the course covers advanced principles and techniques of Radiology including positioning, enhancement of images and the use of contrast mediums on different organs, specifically the GI tract and the urinary system.

The course will be delivered through a combination of lectures, case studies, and hands-on practical sessions with live animals under the guidance of experienced DVM’s, veterinary radiologists, veterinary cardiologists and sonographers.

DVM 7183 Mixed Animal Practice Ready (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab).

Emphasis will be placed on practical everyday solutions to ailments and concerns seen regularly in a mixed animal practice. The first 6 months of practice is filled with “growing pains.” This course is to bridge the gap between university learning and real-world application. Through scenarios, hands-on application, and didactic learning, the goal is to ready students for their entrance into rural mixed animal practice.

DVM 7187 Equine Emergency (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab).

This course provides focused and practical strategies for managing equine emergency cases. Students will learn to triage, diagnose, and treat equine emergency and critical care cases. Emphasis will be placed on topics that will likely be encountered in rural equine practice. To prepare students for emergency situations in equine practice, this lecture-based elective will cover topics in equine emergency and critical care that will supplement the current core curriculum.

DVM 7189 Spanish for Specific Purpose in Agriculture (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab).

This will cover a range of topics, key vocabulary, and activities aimed at promoting communicative competence in Spanish in specific areas such as animal health, animal welfare, and food safety. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills that will enable them to communicate effectively in the Spanish language at a lower-intermediate level, in the framework of real-life on-farm settings. Students will develop their professional communication skills in laboratories with simulated client scenarios practiced over the semester.

DVM 7220 Integrated Clinical Reasoning 5 (2 credits, 0 hours lecture, 0 hours lab, 2 hours active learning).

This problem-based course advances students' problem-solving, diagnostic reasoning, and clinical decision-making skills developed in previous Integrated Clinical Reasoning courses. Through a series of case presentations, students will tackle a range of clinical issues, health protection challenges, public health topics, and research problems. The course emphasizes skills such as problem identification, information gathering, clinical assessment, clinical reasoning, problem-solving, and creating and implementing treatment plans.

Students will integrate foundational knowledge from the biomedical and clinical sciences, population health science, and technical skills to assess and resolve complex cases. Integrated Clinical Reasoning 5 particularly emphasizes refining skills in problem assessment, diagnostic reasoning, and developing differential diagnoses. This includes creating diagnostic frameworks, building differential diagnosis lists, selecting and interpreting appropriate diagnostic tests, and applying foundational knowledge to diagnose common clinical presentations. Students will continue building on clinical decision-making competencies acquired in previous veterinary courses.

DVM 7300 Equine Medicine and Surgery 2 (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Building on the previous semester, this course prepares the student for equine practice by providing the foundational knowledge needed for diagnosing and treating the most common diseases and surgical conditions encountered in horses and related species.

DVM 7310 Clinical and Professional Skills 5 (3 credits, 1 hour lecture, 7 hours lab). Building on Clinical and Professional Skills 1-4, students will continue to expand their skills in clinical examination of relevant body systems, diagnostic procedures, surgery, anesthesia and case management. Students will perform a complete consultation according to the Calgary Cambridge Guide including conflict negotiation, disclosing medical errors, ethical dilemmas and human animal welfare issues.

DVM 7480 Small Animal Medicine and Surgery 2 (4 credits, 4 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Building on the previous semester, this course prepares the student for small animal practice by providing the foundational knowledge needed for diagnosing and treating the most common diseases and surgical conditions encountered in cats, dogs, and common exotic animals. Principles of emergency medicine will be discussed.

DVM 7392 Food Animal Medicine and Surgery 2 (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Building on the previous semester, this course prepares the student for production animal practice by providing the foundational knowledge needed for diagnosing and treating the most common diseases and surgical conditions encountered in cattle, small ruminants, camelids, poultry and swine health.

Year 3 | Semester 6

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DVM 7100 Diagnostic Imaging 3 (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This course provides for learning the advanced principles of diagnostic imaging and writing diagnostic imaging reports using a case-based framework built on the premise that consistent practice over time with expert feedback leads to skill mastery. Students will develop reading paradigms for musculoskeletal, abdominal, and thoracic films of both small and large animals using a systematic approach. Within the given reading paradigms, students will learn how to evaluate study parameters, describe findings using Roentgen signs, draw conclusions and prioritize differential diagnoses based on findings and propose appropriate next steps given conclusions. The knowledge and skills gained in this course can be used in daily general practice when diagnostic imaging is utilized in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment planning for both small and large animals. Through a combination of weekly cases on the RadiologyRules teaching platform which include a case pre-quiz, written radiology report and case post-quiz as well as a weekly rounds session to discuss the case, students will develop the knowledge and skills necessary to read and interpret diagnostic films covering the broad range of diseases seen in small animal, equine and mixed animal general practice.

DVM 7101 Equine Medicine and Surgery 3 (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). Building on the previous semester, this course prepares the student for equine practice by providing the foundational knowledge needed for diagnosing and treating the most common diseases and surgical conditions encountered in horses and related species.

DVM 7151 Regulatory Veterinary Medicine (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). The principles of regulatory veterinary medicine will be discussed, and students will be prepared to achieve USDA Accreditation.

DVM 7161 Avian and Exotic Medicine and Surgery (1 credit, 1 hour lecture, 0 hours lab). This course will build confidence, competence, and commitment to the species of small, “exotic”, mammalian, avian, and reptilian species that are most commonly presented to clinicians in North American practices. The representative species discussed and studied in this basic medicine course will enable the veterinary student to gain a basic understanding of the unique challenges and requirements of these increasingly popular, companion animals. This “Avian & Exotics” (A&E) course will build on the knowledge & skills the veterinary student has developed over the previous semesters. This A & E course will require a sound knowledge of parasitology, anatomy, physiology, general pathology, immunology, infectious diseases, and other disciplines of medicine and surgery. The veterinary student will be expected to be able to adapt and modify their skill sets and knowledge base to adapt to the unique characteristics of these species of other taxa of the vertebrate phylum.

DVM 7200 Outbreak Investigation and Disaster Response (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Students will build upon the framework for investigating outbreaks of disease developed in epidemiology. They will do this by investigating a series of simulated outbreaks, applying steps to determine whether an outbreak exists, establishing a case definition, describing the epidemiology of the disease, generating and testing hypotheses, and communicating their findings to appropriate parties. Further, the students explore the patterns of behavior that people display relative to their animals during disasters. The students explore the role of veterinarians in disaster management and develop plans for disaster response should a disaster fall on a veterinary practice.

DVM 7231 Therapeutics (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Introduction to the principals and practice of veterinary therapeutics in production, companion, and exotic animals, and the practical application of clinical pharmacology. Key areas covered include drug selection, clinical pharmacokinetics and drug dosing, antimicrobial decision-making and stewardship, adverse effects, and fluid therapy.

DVM 7241 Production Advanced Health Management and Prevention Medicine (2 credits, 2 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course provides an overview of the principles of population health and of production management for beef cattle, dairy cattle, small ruminants, swine, and poultry. Includes the application of scientific principles to practical herd management with components of reproduction, nutrition, housing, genetics, economics, records, food safety, and disease control (vaccination). Students will learn analytic techniques and computer software skills to evaluate population disease and production problems to improve the health and production of livestock and other species.

DVM 7311 Clinical and Professional Skills 6 (3 credits, 1 hour lecture, 7 hours lab). Building on Clinical and Professional Skills 1-5, students will continue to expand their clinical skills in clinical examination of relevant body systems, diagnostic procedures, surgery, anesthesia, and case management. Students will continue to work through complex communication encounters following the Calgary Cambridge Guide.

DVM 7321 Integrated Clinical Reasoning 6 (3 credits, 0 hours lecture, 0 hours lab, 3 hours active learning). This course is the culmination of 6 semesters of clinical reasoning training where students will continue to develop their problem-solving, diagnostic reasoning, and clinical decision-making skills previously started in other ICR courses. Students will present clinical cases they have participated in during the last 3 years, using the skills practiced and knowledge acquired in previous foundational and integrative courses. These presentations will cover clinical, health protection, public health/public practice, and research problems. Skills will include problem identification, information gathering, clinical assessment, clinical reasoning, problem reasoning, problem-solving, and formulation/execution of treatment plans. Students are expected to integrate foundational knowledge from biomedical sciences with clinical sciences, population health science, and technical skills to explore and resolve problems. This course focuses on continued improvement with problem assessment, diagnostic reasoning skills, and the establishment of differential diagnoses. This will include developing differential diagnoses lists, making decisions about using appropriate diagnostic tests, interpreting, and integrating data from those tests, and using foundational knowledge from discipline courses to diagnose common clinical presentations. Students are to expand upon foundational clinical decision-making derived from other veterinary courses and practice the development of educational materials such as case presentations, discharge summaries, and clinical scenarios. 

DVM 7381 Small Animal Medicine and Surgery 3 (3 credits, 3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Building on the previous semester, this course prepares the student for small animal practice by providing the foundational knowledge needed for diagnosing and treating the most common diseases and surgical conditions encountered in cats, dogs, and common exotic animals. Principles of emergency medicine will be discussed.

DVM 7103 Advanced Equine Medicine and Surgery (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Building on the previous semesters, this course prepares the student for equine practice by providing the supplementary knowledge and skills to be a successful equine practitioner. The knowledge and skills gained in this course will be used by the student to proactively address medical, surgical, and reproductive issues of the horse. Through a lecture format students will develop the knowledge and skills to promote the health and well-being of horses.

DVM 7105 Equine Theriogenology (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course covers elective information on equine reproduction. Topics to be covered include aspects of the mare reproductive cycle management, reproductive case discussions, stallion semen management, and fetal well-being assessment. The content is important to provide students with the opportunity to improve their skills in mare and stallion reproduction and to learn about procedures that they will encounter in equine practice. This information will be covered primarily through laboratories and secondarily through lectures.

DVM 7106 The Art of Leading Well (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). In today’s rapidly evolving veterinary field, effective leadership and management are essential for success. This course is designed to equip veterinary professionals with the skills and insights needed to excel in leadership roles and drive positive change within their practices and communities.

DVM 7108 Integrative Veterinary Medicine (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course is a 1 credit hour elective that will introduce veterinary students to common components of integrative veterinary medicine practice. This course will be an introduction to concepts that a student may pursue certification later in their career, such as veterinary acupuncture or canine rehabilitation therapy. Integrative medicine options in both small and large animals will be discussed. This course will be taught by a combination of remote and in-person delivery.

DVM 7109 Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course is designed to reinforce and build on surgical skills learned in previous foundation courses. Information related to specific surgical procedures will be delivered to students in lecture format.  There will be seven hours of lecture materials.  Some of the lecture material will reinforce concepts and techniques from earlier surgery courses, and some will be new.  Information gained from lectures will then be applied in laboratory as students practice key surgical procedures utilizing cadavers.  Students will learn independently and work within groups. There will be four 4-hour laboratories.  

DVM 7110 Small Animal Orthopedic Surgery (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course is designed to reinforce and build on surgical skills learned in previous foundation courses. Information related to specific surgical procedures will be delivered to students in pre-recorded lecture format. There will be seven hours of lecture materials. Some of the lecture material will reinforce concepts and techniques from earlier surgery courses, and some will be new. Information gained from lectures will then be applied in laboratory as students practice key surgical procedures utilizing cadavers. Students will learn independently and work within groups. There will be four 4-hour laboratories.

DVM 7112 Veterinary Hospice and Palliative Care (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course is an introduction to the concepts, strategies, and applications of hospice and palliative care in veterinary medicine. It will encompass end of life care, pain management, quality of life assessment, palliative death for the major domestic species. We will also discuss considerations for caregiver support and personal wellness.

DVM 7141 Advanced Diagnostic Cytology (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This elective will provide students with an opportunity to further refine their skills in diagnostic cytopathology. The elective will be delivered as a hybrid model involving traditional light microscopy and digital pathology. Assessments will primarily center around student preparation and participation in laboratories.

DVM 7143 Veterinary Forensic Medicine (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course is designed to provide students with an opportunity to explore the functions of a veterinarian in identifying and reporting animal cruelty and neglect, animal crime scene processing, handling, and interpreting forensic evidence, and performing a forensic necropsy. The course will also explore the legal principles involved in animal welfare and prepare the student to act as an expert witness for legal procedures.

DVM 7145 Advanced Integrative Diagnostic Pathology (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This elective will give students the opportunity to hone their diagnostic skills and correlate pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease with clinical signs and test results. This elective will feature primarily group discussion and individual assignments. Assessment of this course will be based on in-class participation and completion of case assignments.

DVM 7185 Small Animal Orthopedic and Soft Tissue Surgery (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). This course is designed to reinforce and build on surgical skills learned in previous foundation courses. Information related to specific surgical procedures will be delivered to students in pre-recorded lecture format. There will be seven hours of lecture materials. Some of the lecture material will reinforce concepts and techniques from earlier surgery courses, and some will be new. Information gained from lectures will then be applied in laboratory as students practice key surgical procedures utilizing cadavers. Students will learn independently and also work within groups. There will be four 4-hour laboratories.

DVM 7193 Advanced Livestock Medicine (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Building on the previous semesters, this course prepares the student for bovine practice and specifically in the beef cattle sector by providing the supplementary knowledge and skills to be a successful food animal practitioner. A series of lectures and hands on laboratories will be combined to provide the most successful learning experience.

DVM 7195 Dairy Production Medicine (1 credits, 1 hours lecture, 0 hours lab). Building on the previous semesters, this course prepares the student for bovine practice and specifically in the dairy cattle sector by providing the supplementary knowledge and skills to be a successful food animal practitioner. A series of lectures and hands on laboratories will be combined to provide the most successful learning experience.

Year 4 | Required Courses

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DVM 8410 Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (4-week block; 4 credits). Consists of supervised clinical instruction in a selected, pre-approved, high-quality practice, focusing on small animal species, primarily canine and feline. Students will see a wide variety of medical and surgical cases and are active participants in their diagnostic and therapeutic management, to include preventative care, dentistry, medical case workup and management, and clinical surgical procedures. Students are involved in the preparation and management of medical cases and surgeries along with follow-up and client interaction under the supervision of veterinarians and staff and have access to subject matter expertise. Students are also active in comprehensive medical recordkeeping and retrieval in formats specific to the practice. Prerequisite: successful completion of pre-clinical course work; clinical year standing.

DVM 8430 Food Animal Medicine and Surgery (4-week block; 4 credits). Consists of supervised clinical instruction in a selected, pre-approved, high-quality practice, focusing on food animal species, primarily beef and dairy cattle. Students will see a variety of food animal cases in the clinic, in the field and in consultative settings. Areas of diagnostic and therapeutic management to include herd health evaluation & management including reproduction, population health evaluation, treatment and problem-solving strategies, emergency case management, and individual case medical and surgical management. Students are involved in the workup, assessment, and recommendations in the consultative setting and are involved in the preparation and management of medical and surgical cases in individualized patient settings; along with follow-up and client interaction under the supervision of veterinarians and staff. Students will have access to subject matter expertise and are also active in comprehensive medical recordkeeping and retrieval in formats specific to the practice. Prerequisite: successful completion of pre-clinical course work; clinical year standing.

DVM 8450 Equine Medicine and Surgery (4-week block; 4 credits). Consists of supervised clinical instruction in a selected, pre-approved, high-quality practice, focusing on equine. Students will see a wide variety of equine cases in the clinic and ambulatory format and will be active participants in their diagnostic and therapeutic management, to include preventative care, dentistry, medical case workup and management, emergency, sports medicine, and clinical and field surgical procedures. Students are involved in the preparation and management of medical cases and surgeries along with follow-up and client interaction under the supervision of veterinarians and staff and have access to subject matter expertise. Students are also active in comprehensive medical recordkeeping and retrieval in formats specific to the practice. Prerequisite: successful completion of pre-clinical course work; clinical year standing.

DVM 8480 Diagnostic Medicine (4-week block; 4 credits). The Diagnostic Medicine course will be delivered out of the TTU SVM and will encompass a combination of didactic, laboratory, and self-directed learning activities and delivered by TTU SVM pathology, diagnostic imaging, and clinical faculty. This class is designed to provide students with an opportunity to explore diagnostic medicine including pathology (gross, cytology, histopathology, and blood/urine analysis), microbiology (bacteriology, virology, and parasitology) and diagnostic images (radiography, ultrasound, and CT scan). Students will be required to review and contract diagnostic images, laboratory results, and gross lesions associated with pathology of domestic animals. The course builds upon foundational knowledge gained in previous courses. Clinical cases will present diagnostic challenges to students using necropsy (real-time as well as generated information), various types of diagnostic imaging (real-time and generated reports) and clinical laboratory information (real-time and historical). By the end of the course, students will develop problem-solving and critical thinking skills and knowledge that will improve their antemortem and postmortem diagnostic abilities. Prerequisite: successful completion of pre-clinical course work; clinical year standing.

DVM 8260 Clinical Assessment/Return Weeks/NAVLE (8 weeks; 2 credits). Required course where reasoning and assessment is offered three times during the clinical year; once in the fall semester, once in the spring semester, and a final year assessment (after all rotations are completed and prior to commencement). Students will return to the TTU SVM campus for a debriefing and assessment of their clinical year experiences and will be assessed on learned clinical skills and professional development. Fall and spring assessment periods will have students presenting and participating in Grand Rounds, providing feedback on programmatic improvement, and participating in remediation, if necessary. Clinical year orientation will occur one week prior to the first rotational block. Students’ preparation for and administration of the NAVLE® (North American Veterinary Licensing Exam) will likewise occur in this course during the fall. Students will conduct independent studies and review in order to prepare for the NAVLE® by completing ~80% of an approved NAVLE prep course. Students will take the NAVLE® at the testing location for which they applied during the summer June-August application window. Students will return for a final assessment week and will share clinical year experiences with peers and faculty. Responsibilities during this week will include completing various surveys, addressing financial aid separation, debt repayment methods and commencement celebration. Prerequisite: successful completion of pre-clinical course work; clinical year standing.

Year 4 | Elective Courses

All elective courses consist of supervised clinical instruction in a selected, pre-approved, high-quality clinical learning network site, focusing on a variety of animal species, including variations of large animals: cattle, horses, and other livestock; and small animals: dogs, cats, and other pets. Students will see a variety of medical and surgical cases in clinics and in ambulatory formats and are active participants in their diagnostic and therapeutic management. Students are involved in the preparation and management of medical cases and surgeries along with follow-up and client interaction under the supervision of veterinarians and staff and have access to subject matter expertise. Students are also active in comprehensive medical record-keeping and retrieval in formats specific to the practice. Students will also develop an understanding of the veterinary profession, the business of veterinary medicine and professionals in small community environments. Prerequisite: successful completion of pre-clinical course work; clinical year standing.