Radiation Safety Manual

SECTION I – MANAGEMENT OF BROAD LICENSE

Introduction

The purpose of this manual is to provide users and non-users of radioactive material, and radiation producing equipment the more significant facts and figures about radiation. Overviews of state regulations, and direct Policies and Procedures concerning different areas of radiation use at Texas Tech University are covered. The Regulations, Policies and Procedures, etc. set forth in this guide have one single straight forward purpose, to protect Texas Tech University faculty, staff, students, and visitors against unnecessary and potentially harmful radiation exposure.

Definitions of Key Terms and Acronyms

Agency:: means the Bureau of Radiation Control, Texas Department of Health.
ALARA:: means “as low as reasonably achievable”.
BRC:: means the Bureau of Radiation Control, Texas Department of Health.
License:: means Texas Radioactive Material License No. L01536, issued by the Agency.
Registration:: means Texas Registration of Radiation Producing Machines No. R00574.
RSC:: means the Radiation Safety Committee of Texas Tech University.
RSM:: means TTU’s Radiation Safety Manual.
RSO:: means the Radiation Safety Officer.
RSS:: means the Radiation Safety Specialist.
RST:: means the Radiation Safety Technician.
TAC:: means the Texas Administrative Code.
TRCR:: means the Texas Regulations for Control of Radiation.
US NRC:: means the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
US DOT:: means the United States Department of Transportation.

B- Radiation Protection Program

B1 Objective

This program is designed to limit occupational and public doses of radiation to “as low as reasonably achievable” to protect the staff, employees, and students of Texas Tech University (TTU); to protect members of the general public; and to comply with 25 TAC §289.202(e) [Texas Regulations for Control of Radiation (TRCR) 21.101].

B2 Method

Texas Tech University (TTU) has established this Radiation Safety Manual (RSM) to provide safety guidance to its staff and students when working with radioactive material, x-ray producing devices, and lasers.

B3 Date of Implementation

December 1, 1999, upon approval by the RSC.

B4 Review

This program will be reviewed no later than the anniversary month of its inception, each year.

B5 Program Elements

B5.a Personnel Monitoring Requirements and Dose Limits

Specific procedures are provided in II.G. of the RSM. Specific ALARA procedures are addressed in II.B.19 of the RSM. Both areas have steps listed in various general procedures. If this program is adhered to, the limits specified in 25 TAC §289.202(f) through §289.202(o) [TRCR 21.201 through 21.302] should not be exceeded.

B5.b Radiation Surveys

Radiation surveys are discussed in II.H.6. of the RSM.

B5.c Access Controls for Radiation Areas

Access to the radiation areas is controlled by II.J. of the RSM. In addition, certain elements of storage, use, and maintenance/service procedures contain steps which specifically address access controls.

B5.d Respiratory Protection

Addressed in II.J. of the RSM.

B5.e Security of Radiation Sources (Storage/Use)

Specific procedures for storage security are addressed in II.H.1. of the RSM and provides for security during certain activities (storage, use, and transport) as procedural steps.

B5.f Posting of Areas and Rooms

II.H.1. of the RSM provides for posting of warning signs.

B5.g Labeling of Containers

II.H.1. of the RSM provides procedures for labeling of containers.

B5.h Receipt of Packages Containing Radioactive Material

Radioactive material receipt procedures are specified in II.H.3.b. of the RSM.

B5.i Waste Storage, Processing, Transfer and/or Disposal Procedures

Transfer/waste procedures are specifically addressed in II.H.14 of the RSM and transport procedures are addressed in II.H.4.

B5.j Management of Required Records

Records management procedures are addressed in II.H.2. of the RSM.

B5.k Reports of Incidents

The RSO is responsible for reporting incidents. The specific procedures are found in Section V of the RSM.

C- ALARA Program

C1 Maximum permissible dose

A sub-licensee (TTU) may not permit an individual in a restricted area to receive a total effective dose equivalent greater than that permitted under II.G. of the RSM. There should not be any situations at TTU where dose equivalents for external and internal exposures exceed those listed in II.G. of the RSM.

C2 Individual’s Dose Assessment

Before any initiating work in a restricted area, the RSO shall make a determination of the total effective dose equivalent for each individual, in accordance with TAC §289.202(j).

C3 Prohibition

No sub-licensee or employee shall possess, receive, use, or transfer radioactive material in such a manner as to cause an individual in a restricted area to be exposed to airborne radioactive material in an average concentration in excess of the limits specified in Table II of subsection TAC §289.202(ggg)(2).

C4 Prohibition of Use by a Minor

There shall be no use of radioactive material or radiation producing equipment by employees under 18 years of age (minors), pregnant females, or females suspecting pregnancy at Texas Tech University. However, exceptions may be granted by the RSC, following the requirements of TAC §289.202.

D- Radiation Safety Management

The TTU radiation safety program is controlled by the RSC and radiation safety is monitored by TTU’s Radiation Safety Office which is directed by the RSO. Should an operation be presenting a threat to the staff or students of TTU, or to any member of the general public, the RSO has the authority to cause any radiation user of radiation sources to cease and desist from operations until such time as the radiation threat is removed or mitigated.

E- Radiation Safety Committee

E1 Purpose and Structure

The RSC is composed of a group of administration, faculty, and staff appointed by the Executive Vice President and Provost to establish policies and regulations governing the use of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The president has designated the Office of the Associate Vice President for Operations as his duly authorized representative on matters relating to Radiation Safety.

E2 Duties (RSC Charge)

The RSC will:

E2.a

establish policies and procedures, as well as provide administrative advice regarding radiation and laser safety;

E2.b

approve or disapprove all applications, amendments, and renewals relating to the use of radioactive materials, lasers, or radiation producing equipment;

E2.c

receive and review reports from the RSO on monitoring, surveillance, and personnel exposure;

E2.d

monitor procurement, use, and disposal procedures;

E2.e

take appropriate corrective action on radiation/laser incidents, including administrative guidance and license suspension or revocation;

E2.f

provide a representative to the University Safety and Health Committee; and

E2.g

serve as an avenue of appeal in cases of dispute and exception to actions by the RSO.

E3 Radiation Safety Committee Membership

The committee shall be composed of:

E2.a

Three faculty members who regularly uses radioactive materials;

E3.b

Two faculty members who regularly uses lasers;

E3.c

At least one faculty member who regularly uses radiation producing equipment;

E3.d

At least two faculty/staff members who are non-users of radioactive materials, lasers, or radiation producing equipment;

E3.e

Vice Provost for Research or designated representative;

E3.f

RSO (Ex-Officio); and

E3.g

Associate Vice President for Operations, (Ex-Officio)

E4 Radiation Safety Committee Appointment

The members of the committee will be appointed by the Executive Vice President and Provost. Members of the committee, other than those specified by virtue of their position, will be nominated by the committee chairperson and the Associate Vice President for Operations. The RSO will serve as Executive Secretary to the committee. Each member will serve a term of three years except when lesser terms may be required to maintain balanced membership and continuity of committee operations. Reappointments are permissible.

E5 Radiation Safety Committee Operating Procedures

E5.a

The RSC shall schedule a regular meeting for each month of the year. Additional meetings may be called as necessary. The RSO will prepare and distribute a written agenda to committee members at least one day before each scheduled meeting.

E5.b

A quorum, at least one-half of the voting members, is required to conduct official business. The RSO, Chairperson, and Vice Provost for Research (or designated representative) must be present to constitute a quorum.

E5.c

Sub or ad hoc committees may be appointed by the Chairperson as needed.

E5.d

If a committee member is unable to continue serving on the committee for any reason, the member shall notify the Chairperson so that a replacement may be appointed promptly.

E5.e

If a committee member fails to attend three consecutive meetings or one-half of the called meetings in a twelve month period, without just cause, the Chairperson will contact that member to determine if that person should be replaced. If so, the Chairperson will ask the Associate Vice President for Operations to arrange for a replacement under the appointment procedures of the committee.

F- Radiation Safety Committee Responsibilities

Responsibilities

The RSC shall:

F.a

Establish policies regarding radiation and laser safety;

F.b

Provide administrative advice to the RSO on matters regarding radiation and laser safety;

F.c

Receive, review, and act on all applications for the use of radiation sources in any areas used by TTU personnel;

F.d

Receive and review periodic reports from the RSO on monitoring, contamination, and personnel exposure;

F.e

Periodically review the overall use of radiation and laser sources at TTU from the standpoint of operational hazards;

F.f

Receive and review all reports from the RSO concerning radiation and laser incidents at TTU;

F.g

Conduct necessary investigations, hearings, and/or appropriate corrective action on any radiation or laser over-exposure or spill occurrence at TTU;

F.h

Meet at least monthly during the academic year.

F.i

Perform an annual audit of the Radiation Safety Program.

F.j

Upon committee action, issue sublicenses which will be duly signed and approved by the Chairperson of the RSC.

G- Radiation Safety Officer

G1 Responsibilities

The Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) will be a trained health physicist who is responsible for TTU-wide compliance with these policies and the regulations. The RSO will also provide a variety of technical services necessary to maintaining radiation safety and compliance with regulatory requirements.

G2 RSO Duties

G2.a

Overseeing all operating, safety, emergency, as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) procedures, and health physics procedures and activities, including both personnel and environmental monitoring, and reviews them annually;

G2.b

Furnishing consulting services to personnel at all levels of responsibility on all aspects of radiation protection, including instruction of radiation safety classes;

G2.c

Ensuring that required radiation surveys and leak tests are performed and documented in accordance with TAC §289.252 and the Radiation Safety Manual, including any corrective measures when levels of radiation exceed established limits;

G2.d

Receiving, delivering, and shipping all radioactive materials coming to or leaving TTU property;

G2.e

Monitoring all accelerators and other machines capable of producing penetrating radiation;

G2.f

Distributing and processing personnel monitoring equipment including maintaining records of internal and external personnel exposure, notifying individuals and their supervisors of exposures approaching the maximum permissible limits, and recommending appropriate remedial action;

G2.g

Investigating the circumstances and causing a report to be submitted to the agency for each known or suspected case of radiation exposure to an individual or radiation level detected in excess of limits established by TAC §289.252 and each theft or loss of source(s) of radiation, to determining the cause(s), and to taking steps to prevent recurrence;

G2.h

Investigating the circumstances and causing a report to be submitted to the agency for each known or suspected case of release of radioactive material(s) to the environment in excess of limits established by TAC §289.252;

G2.i

Instructing personnel in proper procedures for the use of radioactive materials;

G2.j

Supervising and coordinating the waste disposal program, including keeping waste storage and disposal records;

G2.k

Storing all licensed radioactive materials not on sub-licenses;

G2.l

Ensuring the proper storing, labeling, transport, and use of sources of radiation, storage, and/or transport containers;

G2.m

Performing and/or supervising all in-house sealed source leak tests;

G2.n

Maintaining an inventory of all radioactive materials, radiation producing equipment, and lasers on TTU property;

G2.o

Supervising decontamination of radioactive material accidents;

G2.p

Maintaining a continuous program of environmental radiation hazard evaluation through routine lab inspections and hazard elimination;

G2.q

Maintaining radiation safety program records in the Radiation Safety Office;

G2.r

Reporting regularly to the RSC;

G2.s

Maintaining a thorough knowledge of management policies and administrative procedures of TTU;

G2.t

Prohibiting and preventing, by immediate suspension or termination if necessary, any unsafe or illegal use of radioactive material, radiation producing equipment, or lasers;

G2.u

Maintaining files on each sub-licensee in the Radiation Safety Office, and providing each sub-licensee with a copy (and updates) of the Radiation Safety Manual - Texas Tech University Policies and Procedures for Radiation Safety; and

G2.v

Performing other tasks requested by the RSC.

H- Radiation Safety Office

Conducts operations and services to support TTU's radiation safety program.

H1 Staffing

The Radiation Safety Office will be under the supervision of the RSO and will be staffed with at least one trained and qualified radiation safety technician, one trained and qualified radiation/laser safety specialist, and with part/full time clerical staff as necessary to fulfill the duties and obligations of the radiation safety program.

SECTION II – SUB-LICENSE PROGRAM SAFETY

Introduction

This section will detail the procedures and requirements for obtaining a sub-license for radioactive material, radiation producing equipment, and lasers. Also included will be procedures for renewals and amendments.

Definitions

Broad License:: The specific radioactive materials license issued to TTU by the Bureau of Radiation Control of the Texas Department of Health. This license authorizes all radioactive materials use programs to be conducted at the discretion of the RSC.
Sub-license:: An authorization issued by the RSC to use radiation sources.
Sub-licensees:: Authorized users, usually faculty members, whose training and experience are such that they have been sub-licensed by the RSC to use ionizing and/or non-ionizing radiation in their research and educational activities.

B- Sub-License Application Procedures

B1 Qualifications for Sub-License

B1.a

The applicant must have sufficient training and experience in the use of the radioactive material, radiation producing equipment, or laser(s) requested to ensure that proposed work is conducted and/or supervised in a safe manner.

B1.b

The applicant must submit an application for the particular sub-license needed, and a resume of use and experience within the area of interest shown by the application. This resume may include papers written referencing the use of that particular material or instrument, and/or any formal training courses or continued education.

B1.c

The applicant must specify on the application the types and amounts of radioactive materials or radiation producing machines to be licensed as well as the procedures involved.

B1.d

The RSC will authorize issuance of the sub-license if it determines that all requirements have been met.

B1.e

The RSC may require an applicant to attend the TTU Radiation Safety Shortcourse and/or obtain experience by working under an active sub-license for a specified period.

B1.f Requirements for Individuals Working Under an Applicant's Sub-license

B1.f.(1) Workers (technicians, students, graduate assistants, post doctorals, etc.) must attend the local Radiation Safety Shortcourse.

B1.f.(2) The shortcourse will be four hours for workers who can prove by appropriate certificate that prior radiation safety training was completed within the last five years.

B1.f.(3) The shortcourse will be eight hours for workers who have finished at least two years of college but have not had prior training within the last five years.

B1.f.(4) For workers who have not had prior training and have completed less than two years of college education, 24 hours of training will be required.

B2 Procedures for Obtaining a Sub-license

B2.a

The RSO will first review all applications.

B2.b

If an application (for amendment or renewal only) is properly completed by the applicant or authorized user and a qualifying inspection (for new laboratories) or a recent inspection of the laboratory by the TTU Radiation Safety Office shows that the laboratory is in compliance with state and local regulations, interim approval not to exceed 30 days may be granted by the RSO.

B2.c

Final approval of all applications is required by the TTU RSC at its regular monthly meeting.

B2.d

To be considered for final approval all applications including amendment and renewals must be submitted at least two working days before the next regularly scheduled meeting.

B2.e

All applications must be filled out completely and signed by the applicant. All applications not filled out completely and correctly will be returned to the applicant for re-submission.

B3 Sub-license Renewal and/or Amendment

B3.a Term of Sub-license

Texas Tech University sub-licenses remain in effect for two years from date of issue.

B3.b Renewal

Although the Radiation Safety Office will generally remind sub-licensees of a pending expiration, it is the sole responsibility of the sub-licensee to submit the renewal application timely to avoid expiration of a sub-license before receipt of renewal application by the Radiation Safety Office.

B3.c Actions or Activities Requiring an Amendment to a Sub-license

B3.c.(1) If there is a change in the terms and conditions of sub-license or if procedures authorized by it change (personnel, lab relocation, etc.).

B3.c.(2) If an increase in maximum allowable activity is expected or needed.

B3.c.(3) If a different isotope is needed.

B3.c.(4) If isotope(s) on sub-license are no longer needed.

B3.c.(5) If there is a change in equipment (X-ray or Laser inventory).

B3.c.(6) If there is a significant change in submitted Operating Procedures.

B3.c.(7) If significant changes occur in the normal operation of sub-license procedures, for example, the use of animals, increased waste disposal, etc.

B3.c.(8) Application forms for license renewal or amendment are available from the Radiation Safety Office or may be found in this manual.

C- Absence Of Sub-Licensee From Campus

A sub-licensee who expects to be absent from the campus for a time period of greater than three weeks must:

Suspend or terminate the use of radionuclides or radiation producing equipment.

Notify the RSO as to the responsible individual (another sub-licensee) who will take over supervision of the use of the various radionuclides or radiation producing equipment to be used. This sub-licensee must be competent in the use and regulations concerning the radionuclides to be used or the radiation producing equipment to be used.

Should arrangements for either C1 or C2 not be made, the RSC may: (1) suspend the sub-license; (2) revoke the sub-license; and (3) name a responsible sub-licensee to act for the absent sub-licensee.

C4 Sub-licensee Leaving Campus for Visiting Professorship

C4.a

May transfer the radioactive material to that institution pending notification of approval by the Radiation Safety Offices of both institutions.

C4.b

Transfer the radioactive material to another TTU sub-licensee pending approval of the RSO.

C4.c

Place the radioactive material in storage with the RSO.

C4.d

Dispose of the radioactive material.

D- Procedure for Termination of a Sub-license

The following procedure shall be used should a sub-licensee desire to terminate his/her radioactive material or radiation producing equipment sub-license.

D1 Letter of Intent to Terminate

A letter of intent to terminate the sub-license will be submitted to the RSO. This letter will include:

D1.a

The date of termination.

D1.b

The listing of the sub-licensee's authorized laboratories, including storage and waste areas. A diagram of all these areas should accompany this letter of intent.

D1.c

A statement that all radioactive materials and radioactive wastes used and/or stored will be removed. They must be transferred either to the RSO for storage or disposal, or properly transferred to another sub-licensee who is authorized to possess the materials and activities under consideration, without exceeding his/her limits, or makes application to amend the radionuclides and activities to his/her sub-license. Note: This also applies to radiation producing equipment.

D1.d

The terminating sub-licensee will provide copies of the results of an in-depth contamination survey on the laboratories, equipment, storage and waste areas authorized on his/her sub-license. If contamination levels greater than those listed in TAC §289.202(ggg)(6) are found, the contaminated areas and/or equipment will be decontaminated until allowable limits are reached.

D1.e

Upon receipt of the letter of intent, the RSO will conduct a close-out survey of the affected areas and equipment.

D1.f

Based on a review of the letter of intent, the results of the close-out survey, and the disposition of the radioactive material or radiation producing equipment, the RSO will make recommendations to the RSC at its next monthly meeting, which in turn will consider and vote on the request to terminate the sub-license.

D1.g

Upon termination, all signs and labels indicating that the areas were authorized for use of radioactive material shall be removed by radiation safety personnel. The areas are then considered for unrestricted use. Areas with radiation producing equipment may or may not qualify for unrestricted use.

D1.h

ON TERMINATION, FURTHER USE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL BY THE SUB-LICENSEE AND INDIVIDUAL WORKERS OF THAT SUB-LICENSE IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.

D1.i

All equipment and personnel monitoring devices (survey meters, shielding, film badges, etc.) not owned by the terminating sub-licensee must be returned to the Radiation Safety Office or to the owners of the equipment.

D1.j

Should a sub-licensee permanently leave TTU and neglect to officially terminate his/her sub-license, the RSO upon notification will contact the absent sub-licensee's Department Chairperson. The Department Chairperson will be responsible for initiating the termination procedures outlined above.

E- Sub-licensee Inspection/Monitoring Program

The following procedures outline the TTU inspection and monitoring program conducted for evaluation of programs operated under sub-licenses.

E1 General

A radiation program the size of TTU requires periodic monitoring, inspection, and evaluation. It is the responsibility of each sub-licensee to ensure required monitoring is performed by conducting required radiation surveys. It is the responsibility of the RSO to make periodic inspections and surveys of each sub-licensee to ensure compliance with all state and local regulations.

E1.a

The entire program at TTU is periodically evaluated by the TTU-RSC and by the Texas BRC for compliance.

E1.b

This system of checks and balances assures TTU and the general public that the radiation program at TTU operates safely and efficiently.

E2 Frequency of Inspections

E2.a

The RSO shall make inspections of radioactive material sub-licensees on a quarterly basis.

E2.b

The RSO shall make inspections of radiation producing equipment sub-licensees on an annual basis.

E2.c

Sub-licensees who have had their area deactivated do not have to be inspected.

E3 Inspection Policy and Responsibilities

E3.a

The RSO shall inspect facilities for compliance with all applicable state, federal, and local regulations.

E3.b

The RSO shall make a record of each inspection and keep those records on file in the Radiation Safety Office.

E3.c

The RSO will forward a formal report of inspection (Form RS-24) to each sub-licensee within two weeks of final evaluation of inspection results, noting corrective action needed.

E3.d

Each sub-licensee will revise or correct his/her individual program as noted in the report under Corrective Actions. Questions or problems should be addressed to the RSO or the RSC.

E3.e

The RSO will report all major deficiencies, as well as any instance of non-compliance for a sub-license, applicable rules, or statutes, to the RSC.

E3.f

The RSO shall make follow-up inspections of all sub-licensees having deficiencies deemed serious by the RSC within 60 days of report.

E3.g

All inspection statistics should be evaluated by the RSC.

E3.h

Sub-licensees having repeated deficiencies (the same deficiency during two consecutive inspections) will be reported to the RSC and the RSC will issue written notice.

E3.i

Sub-licensees found to repeat a deficiency a third time (the same deficiency during three consecutive inspections) will be reported to the RSC. The RSC will issue a written notice and require the sub-licensee to meet with the committee during the next scheduled meeting to explain their actions.

E3.j

The RSC may terminate a sub-license if serious deficiencies are continued.

F- Sub-License Programs and Procedures

F1 Sub-Licensee/Authorized User Responsibilities

F1.a Each authorized user has the following obligations:

F1.a.(1)

Ensuring that the individual user responsibilities are discharged by those under their control and supervising their work.

F1.a.(2)

Working within the limits of the User's sub-license.

F1.a.(3)

Instructing those employees for whom they are responsible in the use of safe techniques and in the application of approved radiation safety practices and ensuring attendance in required radiation safety courses.

F1.a.(4)

Furnishing the RSO with information concerning individuals and activities in their areas.

F1.a.(5)

Ensuring that all surveys and safety checks required for their particular area of interest are carried out and recorded properly.

F1.a.(6)

Contacting the RSO whenever major changes are anticipated in operational procedures, new techniques, alterations in physical plant, or when new operations that might lead to personnel exposure.

F1.a.(7)

Complying with the regulations governing the use of radioactive materials, radiation producing equipment, or lasers, as established by the Texas Regulations for Control of Radiation, Texas Regulations for Control of Laser Radiation Hazards, and Texas Tech University Policies and Procedures for Radiation Protection.

F1.a.(8)

Keeping stocks of stored radioactive material to a minimum.

F1.a.(9)

Complying with proper procedures for termination of equipment, or termination of sub-license involving the use of radioactive material, radiation producing equipment, or lasers.

F1.a.(10)

Complying with the proper procedures for handling radiation incidents.

F1.a.(11)

Obtaining prior approval, by completing and submitting an application for amendment/renewal form, for the addition/deletion of rooms, radioisotopes, or personnel, for the increase/decrease of radioactive material, or for additions or changes to procedures.

F1.b Responsibilities of Authorized Users

Authorized users (workers, employees, etc.), faculty, students, other professionals, as well as technical and other workers engaged in education, laboratory research, and research support activities which involve actual use and handling of materials and devices producing ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. These personnel will work under the immediate supervision of a sub-licensee.

G- Maximum Permissible Doses, Dose Limits

G1 Maximum Permissible Dose

Like other materials with potential health hazards, regulatory control is applied to exposures involving radiation workers throughout the nuclear industry as well as medical and research facilities. Workers exposed to ionizing radiation as part of their normal duties assume an occupational risk and therefore are regulated under a maximum permissible dose. The Texas Regulations for Control of Radiation and Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations Part 20 currently accept the following as maximum permissible dose.

G2 Occupational Dose Limits

No sub-licensee or employee shall possess, use, receive, or transfer sources of radiation in such a manner as to cause any individual in a restricted area to receive in any period of one calendar quarter from all sources of radiation a total occupational dose in excess of the limits specified as follows:

G2.a

The annual occupational dose shall not exceed the more limiting of:

G2.a.(1)

The total effective dose equivalent being equal to 5 rems (0.05 sievert); or

G2.a.(2)

The sum of the deep dose equivalent and the committed dose equivalent to any individual organ or tissue other than the lens of the eye being equal to 50 rems (0.5 sievert).

G2.b

The annual occupational dose to the lens of the eye, to the skin, and to extremities will not exceed:

G2.b.(1)

An eye dose equivalent of 15 rems (0.15 sievert); and

G2.b.(2)

A shallow dose equivalent of 50 rems (0.5 sievert) to the skin or to any extremity.

G2.c

The annual occupational dose to minors will not exceed 10 percent of the limits specified in G2.a and G2.b above [reference TAC §289.202(l)].

G2.d

The annual occupational dose to an embryo or fetus during the entire pregnancy of a declared pregnant woman will not exceed 0.5 rem (0.005 sievert). Refer to TAC §289.202(m).

G2.e

The total effective dose equivalent to individual members of the public will not exceed 0.1 rem (1.0 millisieverts) in a year, and the dose rate in any unrestricted area from external sources will not exceed 0.002 rem (0.02 millisieverts) in any one hour.

H- Policies and Procedures for Radioactive Material Use

H1 Facilities

H1.a

Work area(s) (benches, hoods, trays, etc.) will have a non-absorbent surface.

H1.b

Laboratories will have wall coverings of a washable, hard, heat-chemical resistant paint (i.e. epoxy).

H1.c

Laboratories will have protective floor coverings and ventilation capable of handling and storing the isotopes and activities being requested. (Reference CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety, p. 437-439)

H1.d

Storage areas, work areas, refrigerators, freezers, fume hoods, and lab entrances will be posted with the correct warning signs. (Signs available from Radiation Safety)

H1.e

Storage areas (cabinets, refrigerators, freezers, fume hoods, laboratories, etc.) will be secured to prevent unauthorized removal of radioactive material.

H1.f

Storage containers will have radioactive material labels with date, type, and activity of isotope(s). This will apply to any container with radioactive material that will be in use more than one (1) working day.

H1.g

Work area air levels shall be kept below 10% of those limits given in TAC §289.202(ggg)(2). If circumstances require concentrations in air to exceed 10% of the above, then the RSO will need to be notified.

H1.h

All signage (sub-license, Notice to Employees, emergency numbers, etc.) shall be posted in prominent view.

H1.i

Remote handling devices will be used when handling energetic beta or gamma sources. In general this refers to sources above approximately two-tenths of one MeV (0.2) that might be indirectly unshielded or potentially contaminated. If a person is unsure as to the proper action to take consult the RSO.

H1.j

Each laboratory will have a calibrated survey meter capable of detecting radioactive material(s) used in that particular laboratory if the radioisotopes and activities of those isotopes are detectable with a meter. This survey meter is not to be used for actual contamination surveys, only for dose level surveys, spot contamination surveys, and personnel exit surveys.

H1.k

All costs for procurement, calibration (annually), and repair will be assumed by the sub-licensee. Survey meters are available (limited number) from Radiation Safety for short-term loan. Also the calibration of certain types of survey meters is available through the Radiation Safety Office.

H1.l

Work areas may need a fume hood in order to comply with regulatory limits. The following lists some minimal features the fume hoods should have.

NOTE: Fume hoods should be used anytime a person is handling unsealed, potentially volatile forms of radioactive material. Operations involving the use of more than 0.1 millicuries of Iodine-125 or Iodine-131 in volatile form shall be conducted within a properly operating fume hood.

H1.l.(1)

Fume hoods shall be labeled if radioactive materials are to be used or stored in the hoods.

H1.l.(2)

The velocity of the air flow shall be such that there can be no escape of air into the workplace from the fume hood under normal conditions, including opening of doors and windows, suction of other fume hoods, and air conditioning systems. The velocity of the air flow shall be no less than 80 lfpm and no more than 120 lfpm.

H1.l.(3)

The gas, water, and electrical appliances should be operable from the outside of the fume hood.

H1.l.(4)

The fume hood shall have a counter-balanced sash made of tempered safety glass.

H1.l.(5)

The fume hood should have a layer of absorbent paper with waterproof backing covering the entire work surface.

H1.l.(6)

The inspections shall be conducted by the Department of Environmental Health and Safety.

H2 Record Keeping

H3 Control of Radioactive Material

H3.a Ordering Radioactive Material - General Procedure

H3.b Receipt and Accountability of Radioactive Material

H4 Transfer and Shipping of Radioactive Material

H4.a Transfer

There shall be no transfer of radioactive material from one sub-licensee to another sub-licensee, nor outside of TTU, without the approval of the RSO.

H4.b Shipping

H4.b.(1)

If radioactive material is to be shipped from TTU, the shipper must notify the Radiation Safety Office.

H4.b.(2)

The RSO will then assist the shipper in preparing the package for shipment according to Department of Transportation Regulations, Texas Regulations for Control of Radiation, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulations.

NOTE: The recipient of any regulated radioactive material to be shipped from TTU must provide evidence of an NRC (or Agreement State) license by furnishing a copy of his/her license to the Radiation Safety Office. This must be done prior to shipment.

H5 Storage of Radioactive Material

H5.a

Radioactive material shall be stored only in approved areas.

H5.b

The storage container shall be of such construction to prevent unnecessary external exposure to radiation present therein. Furthermore, the container shall be "double-contained" meaning the container shall be able to hold or absorb twice the volume of the material therein.

H5.c

Storage of radioactive material, animals containing radioactive material, and parts thereof shall be such as to prevent unauthorized removal.

H5.d

All refrigerators and freezers for storage of radioactive material shall be equipped with hasps and combination locks. A copy of the combination shall be forwarded to the Radiation Safety Office.

H6 Radiation Surveys

H6.a

Each sub-licensee shall perform, or have performed by individuals listed on the sub-license, laboratory surveys where radioactive material or radioactive waste is being used or stored.

H6.b

These surveys shall be performed in direct proportion to isotope use. Surveys shall be continual, even during periods of inactivity.

H6.b.(1)

Using filter paper (Whatman 1-4.25 cm or equivalent), wipe an area of 100 cm².

NOTE: Using an "S" motion of about 12-16 inches will give approximately this area. Although there is no set minimum or maximum for the number of wipes for a laboratory, one should make sure the number of wipes taken show radioactive material use areas, radioactive material storage areas, radioactive waste storage areas, and heavy traffic areas (door knobs, floors, phones, cabinets, etc.).

H6.b.(2)

Count the wipes with a radiation detection system capable of monitoring the desired radiation energy and type.

NOTE: Survey meters are not capable of being used for quantitative analysis (i.e., counting purposes). They should only be used for routine surveys, personnel lab exit surveys, and contamination location.

H6.b.(3)

Results of the smear surveys should be corrected for efficiency and reported in units of activity (i.e., dpm, Bq, etc.).

H6.b.(4)

The following shall be maintained in the survey log book:

H6.b.(4)(a) Survey date and name of surveyor

H6.b.(4)(b) Counts per minute

H6.b.(4)(c) Results in units of activity

H6.b.(4)(d) Map of laboratory

H6.b.(4)(e) Swipe locations

H6.b.(4)(f) Efficiency of counter

H6.b.(5)

All results shall be recorded whether positive or negative.

H6.b.(6)

If results show removable contamination of more than 1000 dpm for beta emitters (Hydrogen-3, Carbon-14, Phosphorus-32, Phosphorus-33, Sulfur-35, Calcium-45, Zinc-65), or 200 dpm for Iodine-125, notify the Radiation Safety Office and begin decontamination procedures.

NOTE: Be sure to always do a background count with each survey and indicate on your machine copy results which sample is the background count.

H6.b.(7)

Equipment in a radiation laboratory shall not be removed from that laboratory until demonstrated by the RSO to be free of radioactive contamination.

H6.b.(8)

Equipment to be repaired by persons outside the laboratory shall be demonstrated to be free of radioactive contamination by the RSO. Emergency equipment repair by outside personnel shall be supervised by the RSO. It is the responsibility of laboratory personnel to request this supervision from the Radiation Safety Office.

H6.b.(9)

Routine surveys by the Radiation Safety Office in no way release a sub-licensee from his/her obligation to perform their surveys.

H6.b.(10)

In general, no radioactive contamination can be tolerated. Exceptions include certain hood trays, dry boxes, stainless steel trays, absorbent paper, or other equipment frequently used for active work and clearly marked with standard radiation caution signs and stickers. However, these items shall be decontaminated or disposed of after experiment or use and before deactivation or termination of sub-license.

H6.b.(11)

Decontamination - All decontamination will be carried out by the sub-licensee responsible for the contamination under the supervision of the RSO. All costs for decontamination shall be assumed by the sub-licensee.

H7 Deactivation/Reactivation of Radiation Use Areas

Should a sub-licensee foresee a period of time in which he/she does not plan to use radioactive material or radiation producing equipment in a particular laboratory, the affected laboratory may be deactivated, while maintaining a valid sub-license, by meeting the following criteria:

H7.a

A letter of intent to deactivate an authorized radiation use area will be submitted to the RSO. This letter will include:

H7.a.(1)

The room number(s) and diagram of the laboratory(s) to be deactivated.

H7.a.(2)

A statement that all radioactive materials used and/or stored in the affected laboratory(s) will be removed. If radiation producing equipment is involved, then the statement shall indicate that all involved equipment will be secured against use. The radioactive material may be transferred either to the RSO for storage or disposal, or transferred through the RSO to another sub-licensee authorized to possess the materials and activities under consideration without exceeding sub-license limits.

H7.a.(3)

The sub-licensee will provide copies of the results of an in-depth contamination survey of the laboratories, equipment, storage, and waste areas to be deactivated. If excessive contamination levels are found, the contaminated areas and/or equipment will be decontaminated until allowable limits are reached.

H7.a.(4)

Upon receipt of the letter of intent, the RSO will perform a close-out survey of the affected areas and equipment.

H7.a.(5)

Based on a review of the letter of intent, the results of the close-out survey, and the disposition of the radioactive material or radiation producing equipment, the RSO will make recommendations to the Chairperson of the RSC who, in turn, will authorize deactivation of the laboratory(s).

H7.a.(6)

Upon deactivation, all signs and labels indicating that the areas were authorized for use of radioactive material or radiation producing equipment shall be removed. Areas with radiation producing equipment may or may not qualify for unrestricted use if equipment is still in use.

H7.a.(7)

At this point, further use of radioactive material and/or radiation producing equipment is strictly prohibited.

H7.a.(8)

All equipment and personnel monitoring equipment (survey meters, shielding, film badges, etc.) not belonging to the deactivating sub-licensee will need to be returned at this time.

H7.a.(9)

The term of deactivation of an authorized radiation use area will be a minimum of six (6) months and a maximum of up to two (2) years (or until the sub-license is due for renewal). At the end of a deactivation period, the sub-licensee may request in writing to renew the deactivated status of the laboratory(s) for another term.

H7.a.(10)

During the period in which a radiation use area is deactivated, the sub-license will remain in an active status. Since deactivated laboratories are no longer considered radiation use areas, the requirements for periodic surveys no longer apply. However, the sub-licensee remains responsible for retention of all records and files generated while the laboratory was active.

H7.a.(11)

A sub-licensee may reactivate a laboratory any time after the initial six-month period if the following criteria are met:

H7.a.(11)(a)

A written request to reactivate a radiation use laboratory must be made to the RSO.

H7.a.(11)(b)

A diagram of the laboratory must accompany the request, indicating radiation work areas, storage areas, waste container locations, hot sinks, etc. A laboratory will be reactivated only under the initial conditions and configuration that existed at the time of deactivation.

H7.a.(11)(c)

The RSO will review the request and inspect the laboratory area(s) and make recommendations to the Chairperson of the RSC.

H7.a.(11)(d)

After the Chairperson has approved the reactivation of a radiation use area, it will again be subject to posting requirements, records requirements, safety procedures, and survey/safety check requirements stipulated by state, federal, and local TTU regulations and policies.

H7.a.(11)(e)

At this time, radioactive materials and/or radiation producing equipment may again be used and stored in that laboratory. Radiation producing equipment will be subject to a survey conducted by the RSO to ensure the unit(s) meet all state and local requirements for radiation levels.

H8 General Services for Radiation-Use Laboratories

All laboratories must be surveyed (wipe tests and visual inspection) for possible radioactive contamination within 24 hours of scheduled cleaning or other services. The laboratory shall remain clean until after the services are completed, and it is the responsibility of the sub-licensee to ensure this. Records of these surveys must be maintained.

Unacceptable removable contamination or radiation exposure rates will result in the suspension of general services.

Supervision by the sub-licensee, a worker on that sub-license, or Radiation Safety personnel is required during all services with the exception of after-hours routine custodial services.

Any laboratory found during routine inspections not to be performing required periodic surveys will be suspended from general services.

H9 Custodial Service for Radiation Use Areas

H9.a

To obtain special custodial service (i.e., scrubbing, stripping, and finishing floors), call Custodial Services (744-1866).

H9.b

Prior to scheduling the cleaning, the following preparations must be made:

H9.b.(1)

The floor must be cleared of all obstacles such as boxes, books, containers, and radiation-labeled items. This must be done by authorized personnel. Visual surveys of the laboratory must accompany the wipe tests.

H9.b.(2)

Custodial Services will schedule the work and call to confirm the date with the requester.

H9.b.(3)

The custodians will leave a checklist in the laboratory. The checklist must be completed and signed by laboratory personnel.

H9.b.(4)

Radiation laboratories requesting cleaning service will be furnished with a Request for Custodial Service door card. The door card must be signed by the sub-licensee or RSO and left on the outside of the door on the day the work is to be accomplished.

H9.b.(5)

The sub-licensee or a worker on that sub-license is required to be in the laboratory during the cleaning.

H9.c

To obtain routine custodial service, call Custodial Services (744-1866) to receive a door card. Routine custodial service includes only sweeping floors, emptying trash containers, and replacing paper in paper dispensers.

H9.c.(1)

The sub-licensee will complete, sign, and date a door card.

H9.c.(2)

Place the card on the outside of the laboratory door before 6:00 PM on the day of the routine cleaning. These cards are only valid for one day. These cards assure custodians that there are no radioactive items with which they might come in contact.

H9.c.(3)

The sub-licensee or a worker is not required to be in the laboratory during routine cleaning. Routine cleaning will generally be scheduled between 6:30 PM and 8:00 PM.

H10 Building, Maintenance and Construction (BM&C) Services

H10.a

The RSO or sub-licensee can give clearance for BM&C to perform work in an authorized use or storage area. The laboratory must be surveyed within 24 hours of the scheduled work.

H10.b

All "hot" items (marked with radiation tape) to be serviced must be surveyed and cleared prior to the requested work being performed. The items must be released by the RSO, or documented and released by the sub-licensee.

H10.c

The sub-licensee or a worker is required to be in the laboratory during BM&C services.

H11 Other Services

H11.a

Departmental technicians can occasionally enter and perform routine duties provided they do not handle "hot" (labeled with radiation tape) items, and provided they are granted permission by the Sub-licensee.

H11.b

Company technicians and servicemen servicing or checking items in authorized areas must have the permission of the RSO. The Sub-licensee will be required to have the laboratory surveyed within 24 hours of their visit. All "hot" items that will be serviced must be checked and, if necessary, cleaned and rechecked. Records of these surveys must be maintained.

H11.c

The sub-licensee or a worker is required to be in the laboratory during the services.

H12 Portable Moisture Density Gauges (Neutron Probes)

H12.a

These policies and procedures shall apply to all portable devices using the thermalization of neutrons to measure water contents of porous materials or gamma rays for density measurement of specific materials.

H12.b

In addition to the Texas Regulations for the Control of Radiation, the following policies and procedures will apply to the TTU license:

H12.b.(1)

Each PMDG located at TTU will have a designated authorized user who is responsible for safe storage, scheduling, and preventive maintenance. Hereafter, this individual is known as the primary authorized user.

H12.b.(2)

Subject to the discretion and scheduling of the primary authorized user, other authorized users may use the PMDG provided they are specifically approved by the Radiation Safety Office for that particular device as to isotope and activity.

H12.b.(3)

The primary authorized user should establish a log to be kept at the location for permanent storage of the specific PMDG.

H12.b.(4)

It is the responsibility of the authorized user to:

H12.b.(4)(a)

Enter notations in the PMDG log as to the date, time of day, the authorized user's name, and destination. Date and time will also be logged upon return of the PMDG to permanent storage.

H12.b.(4)(b)

Determine that the individual user has been approved for using that type of radiation equipment by the TTU Radiation Safety Office.

H12.b.(4)(c)

Determine that the PMDG is in operating condition before it is removed from the vicinity of the permanent storage area. If the PMDG should become inoperable while it is in the custody of an authorized user, it is that user's responsibility to repair the PMDG expeditiously.

H12.b.(4)(d)

Assure all necessary paperwork such as a Bill of Lading accompanies the PMDG during transport. All paperwork must be in the cab of the truck or glove box of the vehicle, not in the PMDG transport box.

H12.b.(5)

PMDGs may be temporarily transferred from other agencies for use by TTU personnel on TTU property. However, the transfer must be coordinated in advance through the RSO.

H12.b.(6)

The PMDG will always be stored and transported in its DOT-approved storage box. When transporting the probe on public highways in the open beds of pickups and trucks, the case will be anchored securely.

H12.b.(7)

Personnel monitoring badges shall be worn during transport and use of the PMDG.

H12.b.(8)

The RSO shall be notified before any PMDG is released for repair.

NOTE: Should the PMDG become lost, stolen, lodged in a monitoring tube, or otherwise compromised, notify the RSO immediately. If lodged, DO NOT attempt to retrieve the probe. Wait for RSO supervision.

H12.b.(9)

All PMDGs are required to have semi-annual leak tests and are to be included in semi-annual radioactive material inventories.

H12.c

These procedures do not change the responsibilities of either the authorized users or individual users as outlined in other sections of this guide to Policies and Procedures for Radiation Protection at TTU.

H13 Radioactive Material in Animals

The following procedures are to be used by researchers using radioactive materials in animals.

H13.a

Prior approval to use animals in research shall be obtained by application or amendment through the RSC. Procedures must be outlined in detail showing activities, disposal procedures, surveys, potential problem areas, etc.

H13.b Policies Concerning Animal Use

H13.b.(1)

Animal cages are to be labeled with warning stickers.

H13.b.(2)

After sacrificing the animals, the researcher or technician shall wrap the animals in absorbent paper. The animals shall then be placed in double bags (provided by the RSO).

H13.b.(3)

All bedding and food shall be placed separately in double bags.

H13.b.(4)

The bags should be sealed with yellow tape and shall be labeled with the following information:

H13.b.(4)(a) Isotope

H13.b.(4)(b) Total microcuries

H13.b.(4)(c) Date of administration

H13.b.(4)(d) Total gram weight

NOTE: Bags and tape shall be kept near animal housing.

H13.b.(5)

The animal carcasses, bedding, and food shall be stored in a freezer until Radiation Safety personnel receive them for disposal.

H13.b.(6)

At least 24 hours notice shall be given to Radiation Safety for a pickup time.

H13.b.(7)

Contaminated cages, feeders, and water bottles must be washed separately from normal cleaning. If a suspended rack is used, then the entire unit must be cleaned.

NOTE: Gloves are to be worn during cleaning operations and disposed of as radioactive waste.

H13.b.(8)

Surveys shall be performed and recorded in accordance with Item D of this section.

H13.b.(9)

All cages, feeders, racks, and water bottles must be demonstrated to be free of contamination, by the researcher, to the RSO.

H14 Radioactive Waste Disposal Program

H14.a General

Radioactive waste materials, including solid waste, bulk liquids, liquid scintillation vials, and animal carcasses resulting from the use of radioactive material in laboratories, shall be stored in designated containers and retained for collection by the RSO.

All radioactive wastes shall be disposed of in such a manner as to prevent hazards to the health of TTU personnel, damage to property, and harm to the public welfare. Final disposal of all radioactive wastes, with the exception of trace amounts through the sanitary sewer system, will be accomplished by the RSO.

H14.b Waste Types

There are basically four types of waste generated at TTU: dry solid waste, bulk liquid waste, liquid scintillation vials (LSV), and animal carcasses. Certain operations may also create gaseous wastes.

H14.b.(1)

Dry solid wastes containing radioactive materials are classified as either nonhazardous or hazardous. Dry solid radioactive waste containing a hazardous component (mixed waste) cannot be generated without permission from the RSC. Otherwise, dry solid waste must be in a chemical form that is nonhazardous and acceptable for disposal in the Lubbock Municipal Landfill.

H14.b.(2)

Liquid wastes are separated into two categories:

Aqueous bulk liquids
Mixed waste (organic) bulk liquids

H14.b.(3)

Aqueous liquids are bulk liquids with a pH between 5 and 9, containing no biological, pathogenic, or infectious material and having no hazardous characteristics. Aqueous biodegradable scintillation cocktails fall within this category.

NOTE: Organic non-biodegradable scintillation fluids, hazardous liquids, oils, other organic fluids, and strong acids or bases are not considered aqueous liquids and shall never be mixed with them.

H14.b.(4)

Mixed (organic) bulk liquids are radioactive bulk liquids that contain a hazardous component and meet the characteristics of hazardous material. Bulk liquids are considered mixed if they consist of hazardous chemicals such as toluene, xylene, or other flammable, toxic, or reactive fluids.

NOTE: Regulations require the generator (sub-licensee) to verify the contents of all wastes and their associated hazard classification.

H14.b.(5)

Liquid scintillation vials are glass or plastic vials having a capacity of less than 50 mL and containing, or having contained, liquid scintillation fluid.

Biodegradable scintillation cocktails such as Opti-Fluor, Aqua-Sol, Ready-Safe, and similar products should be used whenever possible.

Blood samples or aqueous non-scintillation vials shall not be placed in LSV containers. Stock solution vials (NEN, ICN, etc.), liquid scintillation counter standards, or vials containing non-scintillation fluids are not acceptable in LSV containers. Dry solids and biological wastes shall never be mixed with LSV waste containers.

NOTE: If any non-scintillation material is found in an LSV container, the container will be returned or corrected by the generator. Flagrant or repeated violations will be reported to the RSC.

H14.b.(6)

Animal carcasses consist of any animal used and/or sacrificed during research that contains radioactive material. This includes all parts of such animals, including body tissues and internal organs.

H14.c Responsibilities of the Generator (Sub-licensee)

H14.c.(1)

Proper collection and storage of all radioactive waste.

H14.c.(2)

Compliance with state and local regulations and control of the wastes until removal by the RSO.

H14.c.(3)

Assurance that all radioactive waste materials are separated according to physical form (liquid, scintillation vials, dry solid, animal waste) and half-life category (less than 300 days and greater than 300 days).

H14.c.(4)

Completion of all necessary paperwork prior to removal of wastes by the RSO.

NOTE: The RSO will not pick up wastes without completed paperwork (Form RS-14A).

H14.c.(5)

The generator shall not at any time permit the disposal of radioactive material or radioactive waste into general waste pathways, other than trace amounts into the sanitary sewer system.

NOTE: If one wishes to retain and re-use glassware containing radioactive material, the following procedure shall be followed:

Pour off radionuclide(s) into an approved storage bottle.
Rinse and pour the rinse into the waste storage bottle.
Repeat the rinse procedure.
Further rinses may be placed in the sewer followed by an adequate dilution of tap water in a designated and labeled sink only.

H14.c.(6)

Regardless of the frequency of disposal and the individual concentrations, the total activity disposed into the sewer by each individual sub-licensee shall not exceed one microcurie (1 µCi) per day.

H14.d Laboratory Waste Handling and Storage

H14.d.(1)

The RSO will provide small sturdy cardboard boxes (approximately 10" x 10" x 15") and 4-mil plastic bags for dry solid wastes and animals, and polyethylene carboys (2.5 to 5 gallons) for liquid waste. These containers shall be labeled with radioactive material labels.

H14.d.(2)

Wastes will be separated by the generator and stored according to physical form (dry solid, animal, liquid, scintillation vials) and half-life (less than 300 days and greater than 300 days). Chemically hazardous wastes should be held to a minimum.

H14.d.(3)

Wastes must be stored only in restricted areas where they can be secured against unauthorized removal.

H14.d.(4)

Liquid wastes shall be stored in unbreakable polyethylene carboys and provided double containment.

H14.d.(5)

Aqueous liquid wastes shall be neutralized prior to deposition in a waste container to prevent violent or hazardous chemical reactions.

H14.d.(6)

Each laboratory having radioactive waste containers shall display a "Radioactive Waste" sign in the area designated for radioactive waste.

H14.d.(7)

Any material that could cause puncture of the skin (e.g., syringe needles, broken glass, razor blades, etc.) shall be placed in puncture-resistant containers and labeled accordingly before placement into dry solid waste containers.

H14.d.(8)

All radiation labels, signs, tape, symbols, etc., indicating that there is or was radioactivity in the waste shall be removed or defaced before placing waste in a dry solid waste container [reference TAC §289.202(cc)(2)].

H14.d.(9)

All animal carcasses and parts thereof containing radioactive material or contaminated with radioactive material shall be stored frozen.

H14.d.(10)

Waste records are required to assure that the radionuclides and activities determined for disposal purposes of each container are accurate.

An inventory log sheet (developed by each sub-licensee) or the Radioisotope Use Form maintained on or near waste receptacles is a practical method of accounting for waste contents.

NOTE: It is the responsibility of the generator to keep an accurate isotope and activity log for each waste container. Routine pickups, inspections, and recordkeeping audits by the RSO are used to evaluate a generator's (sub-licensee's) waste management controls.

H14.e Animal Carcasses and Waste

Animals sacrificed containing radioactive material shall be prepared and stored frozen.

The sub-licensee is responsible for storage (frozen) of the animals until such time as the RSO can arrange for disposal through a contracted radioactive waste broker or landfill disposal according to procedures accepted by TAC requirements.

H14.f Waste Pickup

H14.f.(1)

Requests for removal of radioactive waste from the laboratory by Radiation Safety personnel may be made by telephone to the RSO.

H14.f.(2)

The generator (sub-licensee) will be responsible for accurately completing the "Request for Radioactive Waste Disposal" form (Form RS-14A).

This form is available from the RSO and details the information needed for accurate disposal of the waste. Each type of waste (physical form) will require a separate form.

NOTE: Wastes will not be picked up unless this form is completed and signed by the generator. It is the responsibility of the generator to indicate any known or suspected hazardous characteristics, including ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity, toxicity, or other hazardous properties.

H14.f.(3)

No radioactive waste having biohazardous characteristics shall be released from a laboratory for pickup prior to autoclaving or other suitable deactivation of infectious agents.

H14.g Sanitary Landfill Disposal

Certain radionuclides may be disposed of in a Type I municipal solid waste site such as the City of Lubbock Landfill (Permit #69) by the TTU Radiation Safety Office as authorized by the Bureau of Radiation Control.

The radionuclides authorized for disposal are the less-than-300-day half-life isotopes listed in the appendix of TAC §289.202 and may be disposed of in a Type I municipal solid waste site provided that the waste is dry, non-hazardous, and concentration and activity limits specified in TAC §289.202 are not exceeded.

Non-hazardous dry waste from in vitro clinical or laboratory testing containing 0.05 microcuries or less of Hydrogen-3 (Tritium), Carbon-14, or Iodine-125 may be discarded without regard to its radioactivity. Such waste should be physically delivered to the landfill.

Animal carcasses containing 0.05 microcuries or less of Hydrogen-3, Carbon-14, or Iodine-125 per gram of animal tissue per animal may be disposed of without regard to radioactivity.

Disposal of any of the above-described waste will be allowed provided that:

H14.g.(1)

The disposal is approved by the Bureau of Radiation Control and the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, and is in compliance with all requirements of TAC §289.202 and other applicable regulations.

H14.g.(2)

The burial is made a matter of record by listing the activity, radionuclides, biological materials, date, and name of the individual supervising the burial.

H14.g.(3)

Tissue in animal carcasses is frozen.

H14.g.(4)

The burial is coordinated with landfill personnel at least 24 hours in advance.

H14.g.(5)

The waste material is transported to the burial site by an individual familiar with the concepts of radiation safety and authorized by the RSO.

H14.g.(6)

The authorized individual will not leave the burial site until assured that all animal waste materials are covered by a minimum of four feet of fill.

H14.h Disposal Through Natural Decay

The Radiation Safety Office is the only entity at TTU authorized to supervise long-term retention of radioactive material for the purpose of decay.

After retention for a suitable time interval (several half-lives), the RSO shall evaluate the remaining activity and properly document the evaluation.

If the evaluation demonstrates that the activity is below the exempt quantities or concentrations [reference TAC §289.202(ggg)(3), Table III], the RSO may authorize disposal of the material as conventional waste, provided all radioactive material labels, symbols, and related markings are removed and the waste contains no hazardous characteristics.

H14.i Sanitary Sewerage Disposal

H14.i.(1)

The Radiation Safety Office is the only entity at TTU authorized to dispose of radioactive materials through the sanitary sewer.

H14.i.(2)

All sanitary sewer disposals shall be conducted in accordance with TAC §289.202(gg). Furthermore, these disposals shall be maintained as part of the RSO disposal records.

H14.i.(3)

Liquids containing radioactive material with hazardous characteristics shall not be disposed of through the sanitary sewer. Such materials shall be disposed of as mixed waste or hazardous waste.

H14.j Other Disposal Information

H14.j.(1)

The generator (sub-licensee) is responsible, upon receipt of the isotope, for recording the use and disposal of radioactive material on the Radioactive Material Use Form (Form RS-14).

H14.j.(2)

The generator (sub-licensee) shall maintain copies of all disposal forms with other required records.

H14.j.(3)

Tritium (³H) stored in a closed plastic bag will produce HTO and may be released through the plastic. Tritium-contaminated objects should be temporarily stored in an open tray pending placement in a waste disposal barrel.

H14.j.(4)

Lids shall remain on all waste containers at all times.

H14.j.(5)

Plans for proper disposal of infectious agents or highly toxic or hazardous substances shall be made early in the design stage of the experiment.

Proposed procedures involving unusual waste disposal problems will be considered individually by the RSC and/or the RSO.

H14.j.(6)

The RSO shall maintain proper disposal records for all TTU campus-wide radioactive waste disposals in accordance with TAC §289.202.

H14.j.(7)

Bulk liquid waste that contains greater than or equal to 75% water, less than or equal to 15% methanol, less than or equal to 10% acetic acid, and less-than-300-day half-life radioisotopes (e.g., S-35 and P-32) may be stored and decayed.

After the radioisotope component has decayed, the liquid may be tested for hazardous characteristics and disposed of accordingly.

I- Safety Procedures for Individual Users and Workers Using Radiation Sources Under Sub-licenses

I1 Individual User Safety Procedures

Each individual user shall work under an authorized sub-license and shall use the following procedures to assure safety in the work environment and compliance with TTU's radiation safety policies and practices:

I1.a

ALL users of radiation sources shall fulfill TTU's radiation safety training requirements prior to using radiation sources.

I1.b

Radiation exposure of all individuals shall be maintained ALARA.

I1.c

The prescribed personnel monitoring devices (such as film badges and pocket dosimeters) shall be worn in radiation areas and while using radiation sources.

I1.d

Personnel monitoring devices shall be protected from inadvertent exposure and damage and shall be returned to the Radiation Safety Office as scheduled.

I1.e

When working with unsealed radioactive material, the user's hands, shoes, clothing, and body shall be surveyed for radioactive contamination at the conclusion of the work. Periodic surveys should also be performed during operations using radioactive materials.

I1.f

If radioactive contamination is detected on an individual's hands, shoes, clothing, or body, the contamination will be removed before the individual is permitted to leave the restricted or laboratory area.

I1.g

The following protective equipment shall be worn, and protective procedures followed, at all times when working with radiation sources:

I1.g.(1)

Wear protective clothing, gloves, and, where appropriate, shoe covers when working with unsealed radioactive materials.

I1.g.(2)

Use protective barriers and shields whenever possible. Use protective eyewear if laser hazards exist.

I1.g.(3)

Use mechanical devices (tongs, remote handling tools, etc.) to assist in reducing exposure.

I1.g.(4)

Perform all work with radioactive materials within the confines of an approved fume hood or glove box, except where a safety review has determined it is safer to work in an open area.

I1.g.(5)

PIPETTING BY MOUTH IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED when working with radioactive materials and/or chemically or biologically hazardous substances.

I1.g.(6)

Respiratory protection may not be used as a routine safety function.

Note: Procedures involving radioactive materials that rely on respiratory protection devices require specific approval from the Bureau of Radiation Control, Texas Department of Health. Approval requires radiation workers to receive training in respiratory protection, pass a respiratory physical examination, and complete fit testing by the Environmental Health and Safety Office.

I1.h

Eating, drinking, smoking, applying makeup, and similar activities in radiation laboratories and areas where unsealed radioactive materials are stored or used are strictly prohibited.

I1.i

Radiation use and storage areas shall not be used jointly for storage of radioactive material and material intended for human consumption.

I1.j

Each user shall maintain good personal hygiene and occupational safety habits, such as not working with radioactive material if there is a break, cut, or scratch in the skin below the wrist and always washing hands and arms thoroughly before handling any object near the face.

I1.k

Areas where radioactive material, radiation-producing equipment, and/or lasers are used shall be periodically surveyed and checked for contamination, excessive radiation levels (ionizing and non-ionizing), and proper operation of warning devices and interlocks according to the procedures required in this manual.

Records of these surveys and checks shall be maintained for review and inspection by the Radiation Safety Office and regulatory agencies.

I1.l

Radiation use/storage areas, devices, and containers shall be periodically inspected for proper display of required warning signs and labels.

I1.m

Each radiation use laboratory and work area:

I1.m.(1)

Shall be maintained neat and clean.

I1.m.(2)

Shall be free from unnecessary equipment and material.

I1.m.(3)

Shall store and transfer/transport radioactive materials in a manner that prevents breakage or spillage (for example, by using double containers).

I1.m.(4)

Shall provide for adequate shielding.

I1.m.(5)

Shall have work areas covered with absorbent material and/or stainless steel trays or pans to limit and collect spills in the event of an accident.

I1.m.(6)

Laboratory equipment (such as glassware), stock radioactive material, and radioactive waste shall be labeled and isolated in appropriate storage facilities.

Equipment used in work involving unsealed radioactive materials shall not be used for other work and shall not be sent to central cleaning facilities, repair shops, or surplus until it has been demonstrated and certified by the Radiation Safety Office to be free of radioactive contamination.

I1.n

Emergency repair of contaminated equipment by shop personnel or commercial service contractors will not be performed except under the direct supervision of the RSO or his/her designee. Timely requests for such supervision shall be made to the RSO to allow for scheduling.

I1.o

A member of the laboratory staff shall be present to provide specific information whenever service personnel are permitted to work on equipment in radiation areas.

I1.p

Each user/individual shall:

I1.p.(1)

Immediately report accidental exposure, inhalation, ingestion, or injury involving radioactive materials, x-ray radiation, or laser radiation to his/her supervisor and to the RSO.

I1.p.(2)

Immediately conduct the required or recommended corrective measures and procedures unless otherwise directed by the RSO. The individual shall cooperate in all attempts to evaluate his/her exposure.

I1.p.(3)

Perform emergency decontamination procedures when required or necessary and take precautions to prevent the spread of contamination to other areas and equipment.

I1.p.(4)

Comply with requests from the RSO for bioassays, body burden measurements, and/or submission of urine samples for internal radioassay.

I1.p.(5)

Comply with required procedures for handling radiation incidents according to Section V - Emergency Procedures and TTU Operating Procedure 78.05 Vol. II.

J- General Laboratory Radiation Safety Rules

The following rules are to be used with the ALARA concept in mind. The TTU Radiation Safety Manual, in addition to state and federal regulations and guidelines, establishes minimum requirements designed to maintain exposures well below permissible limits. This list should be posted conspicuously in each laboratory area.

NO PIPETTING BY MOUTH.

No open-toed shoes (i.e., sandals, flip-flops, etc.) are permitted in radioactive material laboratories.

All radioactive material containers must be labeled as to isotope, activity, and date.

NO eating, drinking, smoking, food storage, application of cosmetics, or food preparation in radiation laboratories.

Place radioactive waste in appropriately labeled waste receptacles.

NEVER mix different forms of radioactive waste.

Remove protective clothing and gloves before leaving the radiation laboratory.

Monitor hands, shoes, and clothing before leaving the radiation laboratory.

Personnel exposures shall be kept ALARA by using time, distance, and shielding safely and effectively.

J10

Use the fume hood when needed.

J11

Perform all required surveys and safety checks.

J12

All spills and accidents must be reported immediately to the RSO. If you are unsure as to the proper course of action to take in any situation, always consult your supervisor or call the Radiation Safety Office (742-3876).

END OF SECTION II

SECTION III – RADIATION PRODUCING MACHINE SAFETY PROGRAM

Introduction

This section outlines Policies and Procedures for radiation producing equipment. The equipment referred to includes analytical X-ray equipment, research accelerators, and other ionizing radiation producing equipment.

These Policies and Procedures, established with the utmost concern for ALARA, are in addition to Texas Regulations for Control of Radiation Parts 34, 35, and other applicable regulations.

A. Radiation Producing Machines (X-Ray)

A1 Registration

The Texas Regulations for Control of Radiation require that radiation producing machines be registered with the Bureau of Radiation Control, Texas Department of Health.

A2 Proposed Devices

Registration of proposed devices must be conducted through the RSO.

A3 Personnel Protection

A3.a Personnel Monitoring

All operating personnel and personnel in the immediate area shall wear a film badge or other personnel monitoring device, as supplied by the RSO.

A3.b Personnel Safety

Personnel specifically responsible for such equipment shall:

A3.b.(1)

Be knowledgeable concerning the operation and hazards of the equipment being used or to be used.

A3.b.(2)

Ensure that all rules and regulations (TTU, state and local) have been implemented and are followed.

A3.b.(3)

Ensure that all users have attended the TTU Radiation Safety Shortcourse (given by the RSO) for radiation producing equipment prior to using the radiation producing equipment.

A4 Facilities

A4.a Posting and Labeling

A4.a.(1) Areas

Areas in which radiation producing equipment are located or are being used shall be posted with a standard "CAUTION – X-RAY RADIATION" sign.

A4.a.(2) Devices

The controls of each radiation producing device shall bear a label or decal with the statement:

CAUTION RADIATION – THIS EQUIPMENT PRODUCES RADIATION WHEN ENERGIZED.

Signs, labels and decals are available from the Radiation Safety Office.

A4.b Record of Operation

A log book and a copy of the operating procedures (for that particular instrument or area) shall be attached to each instrument or near the control panel.

A5 Radiation Surveys and Record Keeping Requirements

A5.a Sub-licensee Requirements

A5.a.(1) Radiation Surveys

A5.a.(1)(a) Radiation surveys will be conducted after every change that might increase radiation exposure hazard.

A5.a.(1)(b) Radiation surveys shall be conducted at least once a month.

A5.a.(1)(c) The results of each radiation survey shall be recorded in the log book.

A5.a.(1)(d) Radiation surveys shall be performed using only the appropriate instrument.

A5.a.(2)

Interlocks, visual and audible warning devices, and shutter mechanism checks shall be conducted at the same time as the radiation surveys and the results shall be recorded in the log book.

A5.a.(3) Log Book

A5.a.(3)(a)

User log (user, date, start, finish, power settings).

A5.a.(3)(b)

Survey records (date, surveyor, instrument used, drawing or photograph of instrument/area, particular area surveyed, and results of the survey recorded in proper units).

A5.a.(3)(c)

Safety device records (date, surveyor, drawing or detailed photograph of the instrument indicating the location of the safety devices, results of checks as to whether the devices were Operative (O) or Inoperative (IO)).

A5.a.(4) Written Safety Procedures

A5.a.(4)(a)

Safety and Operating Procedures shall be written and updated as changes in that particular instrument or area warrant the need for revision.

A5.a.(4)(b)

The written safety and operating procedures shall be available to all users.

A5.b Radiation Safety Office Requirements

A5.b.(1)

A radiation survey of all radiation producing devices shall be conducted on a 6 month interval by the Radiation Safety Office.

A5.b.(2)

All interlocks, visual and audible warning devices, and shutter mechanisms shall be inspected for proper operation on a 6 month interval by the Radiation Safety Office.

A5.c Additional Rules and Requirements

A5.c.(1)

The RSC, upon recommendation of the RSO, may require additional safety devices or procedures (beyond the minimum TAC requirements) to ensure conformance with ALARA.

The following criteria will be used:

A5.c.(1)(a) The number of persons involved with the use of the X-ray producing devices.

A5.c.(1)(b) The need to reduce the chance of any unneeded exposures.

A5.c.(1)(c) The amount of personnel traffic in and out of the laboratory.

A5.c.(1)(d) The age of the X-ray producing devices.

A5.c.(1)(e) The current safety devices in use.

A5.c.(1)(f) Number of X-ray producing devices located in a single area.

A5.c.(1)(g) Previous compliance during local and state inspections.

A5.c.(1)(h) Previous exposure reports.

A5.c.(2)

The structural shielding requirements of any new installation, or an existing one in which changes are contemplated, shall be reviewed with the RSO.

A5.c.(3)

No person shall be permitted to operate radiation producing equipment in any manner other than specified in the procedures unless such person has obtained written permission from the RSO and the RSC.

A5.c.(4)

No person shall bypass a safety device unless such person has obtained written permission from the RSO and the RSC.

A5.c.(5)

All log books and current Operating Procedures shall be readily available to each radiation producing device or near the control panel.

A5.c.(6)

Each sub-licensee must maintain portable radiation monitoring device(s) capable and calibrated for the measurement of X-ray radiation in beams of a small cross-section.

A5.c.(7)

The local components of any radiation producing equipment system shall be located and arranged and shall include sufficient shielding or access control such that no radiation levels exist in any area surrounding the local component group which could result in a dose exceeding the limits given in this manual.

A5.c.(8)

The RSO must be notified in advance of the procurement, transfer, or donation (received or given) of ALL radiation producing equipment, whether ionizing or non-ionizing: X-ray units, accelerators, or lasers.

A5.c.(9)

All radiation producing equipment shall be shipped to:

ATTN: RSO
Central Receiving
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, Texas 79409

A5.c.(10)

Radiation producing equipment or lasers transferred within TTU must be coordinated with the RSO.

A5.c.(11)

The RSO shall be notified of any instrument taken out of use and placed into storage or to be disposed of.

B. Radiofrequency and Microwave Devices

B1 Protection From Microwave Oven Radiation

B1.a Non-Public Use (Departmental, Laboratory, Research)

B1.a.(1) Registration

Person(s) responsible for each microwave oven at TTU should notify the Radiation Safety Office of its presence.

B1.a.(2) Surveys

The Radiation Safety Office will perform surveys of microwave ovens at TTU that are used for non-public use on a request-only basis.

In the event that the microwave oven is found to be leaking microwave radiation in excess of the limits specified in TRCR Part 90.9(a)(1), the RSO shall notify the responsible person(s).

Person(s) responsible for the defective oven should discontinue use until the oven is repaired and surveyed.

B1.a.(3) Repairs

All repairs to defective ovens shall be performed by qualified repair technicians who can certify compliance with emission levels listed in TRCR 90.9(a)(1).

B1.b Public-Use Microwave Ovens

B1.b.(1) Registration

Responsible persons or companies shall notify the Radiation Safety Office and maintain survey records for the previous three years.

B1.b.(2) Surveys

Compliance surveys shall be performed semi-annually.

Microwave ovens not in compliance or lacking proper survey labeling or records shall be immediately removed from service until brought into compliance.

B1.b.(3) Repairs

Repairs shall be performed by qualified technicians who certify compliance with emission standards.

B1.b.(4) Other Requirements

Commercial food-service microwave ovens shall meet National Sanitation Foundation standards or be approved by the FDA or Texas Department of Health.

B1.b.(4)(a)

Microwave ovens brought onto TTU property by outside vendors shall comply with TRCR Parts 80 and 90.

B1.b.(4)(b)

Food-contact and RF sealing surfaces shall be cleaned at least once daily.

B1.b.(4)(c)

Equipment used in food preparation shall be cleaned and sanitized according to approved schedules.

B1.b.(5) Contact

Questions concerning RF or microwave radiation should be directed to the TTU Radiation Safety Office.

B3 Safety Tips for Microwave Oven Users

B3.a Follow the manufacturer's instruction manual for recommended operating procedures.

B3.b Examine the oven for evidence of shipping damage.

B3.c Never insert objects through the door grill or around the door seal.

B3.d Never tamper with or inactivate the oven safety interlocks.

B3.e Never operate an EMPTY oven.

B3.f Clean oven cavity, door, and seals frequently with water and mild detergent. Do not use abrasives.

B3.g Have the oven serviced regularly by a qualified serviceperson.

B3.h

Users of microwave ovens manufactured prior to October 10, 1971 should follow these additional precautions:

B3.i Switch the oven off before opening the door.

B3.j Stay at least an arm's length away from the front of an oven while it is operating.

END OF SECTION III

SECTION IV – LASER SAFETY PROGRAM

This section is reserved for future presentation of LASER safety policies and procedures.

PLEASE SEE LASER MANUAL

SECTION V – EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

Introduction

This section outlines basic emergency procedures. An emergency situation or accident can arise from the use, storage, or transfer of radioactive material or from the misuse or abuse of equipment that produces X-ray radiation or other forms of ionizing or non-ionizing (i.e. laser) radiation.

This section is intended to enhance each sub-licensee's and worker's ability to react properly to radiation accidents.

Due to the broad scope of possible accidents at TTU, listing every step that must be followed for each type of accident would be impracticable. Instead, one must use the following basic procedures and apply them to his/her individual situation. The best advice for protection against radiation or laser accidents is to prepare for them.

A. General Information

A radiation incident at TTU should be defined as any unintentional accident or any single exposure or suspected exposure in excess of 45% of the maximum allowable exposure as set forth in TAC §289.202, the ingestion of radioactive material in the form of liquid, gas, or dust in excess of limits set forth in TAC §289.202(ggg)(2), any radioactive material spill regardless of activity and size, or accidents involving laser radiation exposure to the eyes or skin.

NOTE: If persons involved in a radiation incident are unsure as to the extent of exposure, ingestion, or magnitude of the spill, those persons shall proceed with the assumption that an overexposure (internally or externally) or major spill has occurred, unless otherwise noted.

Users will report all radiation incidents.

B. Organization and Authority

The responsibility of incident investigation shall be that of the RSO.

The RSO will promptly report all investigation findings to the RSC and to the Agency [reference TAC §289.202(xx)] for direction and action.

If preliminary findings indicate probable cause of neglect or violation of regulations or policies, the sub-licensee involved will be asked to attend the next RSC meeting.

In the event of a major emergency situation the RSO shall have the authority to bring the situation under control.

It is the responsibility of each sub-licensee to ensure personnel working under their supervision have practical and well understood emergency plans.

The RSO has the responsibility to see that each radiation sub-licensee/worker knows how to:

B6.a Recognize a radiation or laser emergency.
B6.b Prevent or confine the accident.
B6.c Exclude all personnel from possible risk of exposure.
B6.d Immediately contact supervisors, the RSO, and emergency personnel.

Each sub-licensee is responsible for assisting the RSO in controlling and investigating accidents and obtaining medical attention for victims when necessary.

C. Fires, Explosions, or Major Emergencies

C1 Notify all persons in the area to leave at once.

C2 Notify the TTU Fire Marshal, Lubbock Fire Department, the RSO, and supervisory personnel.

C3 If firefighters arrive before the RSO, advise them of radioactive materials present and provide needed information.

C4 Sub-licensees and workers shall assist in evaluating radioactive material damage and contamination.

C5 All sub-licensees and workers shall file an incident report with the RSO.

C6 Minor Fires

If the fire is minor and there are no radiation or chemical hazards, trained personnel may attempt extinguishment using approved fire fighting equipment.

D. Accidents Involving Possible Radiation Overexposure

D1 Immediately remove affected persons from the area and notify the RSO.

D2 Secure the area.

D3 Transport affected persons to the nearest emergency center and inform medical personnel that a radiation accident occurred.

D4 Assist the RSO in obtaining incident details.

D5 The RSO will obtain and process dosimetry information.

D6 Individuals involved shall not work with radiation until exposure results have been reviewed.

D7 The RSO will provide reports to the RSC and regulatory agencies.

E. Accidents Involving Significant Releases of Radioactive Materials

E1 Notify all persons in the area.

E2 If possible, hold breath and close all air vents.

E3 Vacate the room and seal off the area if possible.

E4 Notify the RSO immediately.

E5 Secure access to the area.

E6 Monitor all involved persons for contamination.

E7 Assist and/or submit to bioassays deemed necessary.

E8 Assist the RSO in hazard evaluations and decontamination procedures.

F. Personnel Injuries

Persons should not work with uncontained radioactive material when they have cuts, scrapes, or breaks in the skin below the wrist.

Cleanse the wound immediately under running water and contact the RSO as soon as practicable.

Obtain emergency medical treatment if necessary and advise medical personnel that radioactive material was involved.

Follow procedures outlined in Item D under direction of the RSO and/or RSC.

Contact the RSO before proceeding with severe decontamination methods.

G. Policies for Radioactive Spills

G1 Minor Spills (Microcurie Level)

G1.a Notify other persons in the laboratory.

G1.b Prevent spread of contamination.

G1.c Contact the RSO.

G1.d Survey and decontaminate affected personnel.

G1.e Begin decontamination procedures.

G1.f Submit an incident report to the RSO.

G2 Major Spills

G2.a Notify all persons in the laboratory.

G2.b Prevent spread of contamination.

G2.c Contact the RSO.

G2.d Block air vents if possible.

G2.e Vacate the laboratory.

G2.f Survey and decontaminate involved persons.

G2.g Additional procedures in Sections D, E, or F may be required.

H. Loss or Theft of Radiation Equipment

H1 Immediately report any loss or theft to the RSO.

H2 The RSO will notify the Bureau of Radiation Control.

H3 The RSO will determine extent of damage and recovery actions.

NOTE: Repair of any encapsulated radioactive source is prohibited. Sources involved in accidents, fires, floods, or similar events may not be used until tested and approved by the RSO.

I. Malfunction of Radiation Producing Equipment

Any radiation device believed to be defective shall be locked into a safe position and made inoperative immediately.

The responsible user must restrict access to the area until the RSO arrives.

The RSO will evaluate the incident and provide required notifications.

J. Vehicle Accident During PMDG or RAM Transportation

Determine if the source remains safely secured. Establish a perimeter if source integrity is uncertain.

If no radiation hazard exists and the vehicle is operable, proceed to destination.

If the source cannot be located or safely secured, notify the RSO and/or BRC immediately and isolate the area.

Other emergency procedures may need to be implemented prior to arrival of emergency personnel.

K. Reporting of Radiation Incidents

It is the responsibility of the sub-licensee to report all accidents involving radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment to the RSO as soon as practicable.

The sub-licensee shall complete Form RS-29 and file it with the RSO as soon as possible. In no case should the delay exceed one working day.

L. Decontamination Procedures

L1 Preoperational Decontamination Procedure

L1.a Contact the RSO.

L1.b Plan the operation and obtain supplies.

L1.c Provide adequate personnel protection.

L1.d Provide storage for waste and supplies.

L2 Operational Decontamination Procedure

L2.a Work toward the center of contamination.

L2.b Monitor frequently.

L2.c Cover clean areas.

L2.d Monitor personnel before release.

L3 Post-Operational Decontamination Procedure

L3.a Monitor cleaning supplies and equipment.

L3.b Dispose of radioactive wastes properly.

L4 General Procedures for Handling Minor Spills

L4.a Wear additional protective equipment.

L4.b Monitor personnel first.

L4.c Contain the spill.

L4.d Establish a controlled area.

L4.e Clean from outer edges inward.

L4.f Minimize cleaning supplies and bag waste.

L4.g Dispose of waste properly and contact the RSO if additional measures are needed.

L5 Personnel Contamination

L5.a

Identify contaminated areas and avoid spreading contamination or increasing penetration into the body.

L5.b

Decontamination of an open wound shall only be accomplished by a physician.

CAUTION: Avoid highly alkaline soaps and organic solvents.

L5.c Intact Skin Procedure

Wet hands and apply detergent.
Work up a good lather and keep it wet.
Rub contaminated area gently for at least 3 minutes.
Rinse thoroughly with lukewarm water.
Repeat if necessary.
Contact the RSO before using more severe procedures.

NOTE: If contamination is at a wound site, medical personnel should perform cleansing.

Emergency Information

TTU Radiation Safety Office: 742-3876

RSO (Cell): 773-1645

TTU Police Services: 742-3931

Campus Emergency: DIAL 9911

Texas Bureau of Radiation Control (BRC): (512) 835-7000

If TTU Radiation Emergency Personnel Cannot Be Contacted:

BRC 24 Hour Emergency Phone: (512) 458-7460

END OF SECTION V

SECTION VI – RADIATION SURVEYS

A. Guidelines For Surveys of Radiation Levels

General Information- There are several types of radiation detection equipment for monitoring areas that are subjected to radioactive contamination...

Note: Survey rate-meters are required in all installations using radioactive material or Radiation Producing Equipment.

A1 Survey Information

Because a direct radiation survey is time consuming if properly done; a preliminary evaluation should be performed.

A properly calibrated survey meter (G-M or scintillator as appropriate) with audible signal should be used.

A2 Performing a Survey

A2.a

First find a radiation free area or make sure that all radiation producing equipment is turned off...

A2.b

While listening for changes in the audible output signal the individual conducting the survey will perform a thorough scan...

A2.c

The surveyor will immediately re-measure areas where readings were greater than 3 times recorded background...

NOTE - Survey meters are required to be calibrated annually. Contact the RSO if your meter has not been calibrated within the past year.

A3 Results/Reporting

Record all results in the proper units (mR/hr and/or cpm) in your log book or on the survey map.

If surveys show areas that are greater than 2 mR/hr for radioactive material laboratories contact the RSO.

NOTE - In general it is very hard to put exact numbers on excessive levels...

B. Surface Contamination Surveys (i.e. Smear/Swipe Survey)

B1 General Information

General Information - the routine monitoring for radioactive contamination in radioactive material laboratories is a necessary and required part of the radiation safety program at TTU.

B1.a Removable Contamination

Is that fraction of contamination present on a surface that can be transferred to a smear test paper...

B1.b Fixed Contamination

Is generally defined as radioactivity remaining on a surface after repeated decontamination efforts...

B1.c Equipment

Instrument used in surface contamination surveys should be sufficiently sensitive...

B1.d

The equipment used to count (analyze) the smear samples shall be properly calibrated...

B1.e Method

The methodology in conducting smear tests varies greatly from institution to institution...

The purpose is to find ANY contamination that might be present.
Prepare for the survey by looking over previous survey records...
The next step in the smear process is to obtain a map...
When needed the diagram may be replaced...
Before beginning the surveyor should prepare him/herself...
CAUTION - The surveyor should mentally and physically...
If the surveyor is conducting a survey...
The surveyor then decides on a representative sampling...
Idiosyncrasies...
Materials...
Traffic...
Where to Smear; Where Not to Smear...

B1.f Taking the Smear

Here is the second problem associated with smear surveys...

B1.g

The smears are then transported to a counter capable of monitoring the radiation surveyed.

B2 Frequency of Surveys

B2.a General Information

The frequency of surveys depends on the nature, quantity, and use of radioactive material...

Frequency - Surveys should be performed in direct proportion to isotope use.
EXAMPLE - If a person uses radioactive material once or twice a month then 1 or 2 surveys a month should be conducted.
If there is no use of radioactive material, a survey is still required at least ONCE a month.

B3 Records of Surveys

B3.a

Records shall be maintained in logbooks or on special forms as long as they are clear, legible, understandable, and reviewed by authorized individuals.

B3.b

Maintain the following information in the logbook or on a special form:

date of survey
counts per minute
diagram of laboratory
smear location
machine copy of results
dpm or standard reference source count

B3.c

Each batch of survey samples should include a standard reference source and a background sample count.

B3.d

Refer to TAC §289.202(ggg)(6) for contamination action levels and release limits.

END OF SECTION VI

Environmental Health & Safety

Address

Texas Tech University, 407 Flint Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409 (Mail Stop 1090)
Phone
806.742.3876
Email
safety@ttu.edu